Perfis de proteínas e carboidratos de silagem de capim 'Massai' com polpa cítrica peletizada e inoculante microbiano

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of pelleted citrus pulp and microbial inoculant on the fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate and protein fractionation, and total digestible nutrient contents of 'Massai' grass (Megathyrsus maximus × Megathyrsus infestus) silage. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2×4 factorial arrangement (application or not of inoculant × 0, 10, 20, and 30% citrus pulp) with five replicates. There was an increase in dry matter recovery as affected by citrus pulp levels. The values obtained for pH and ammonia nitrogen indicated an adequate fermentation process. Under increasing citrus pulp levels, there was a reduction in neutral detergent fiber and an increase in nonfibrous carbohydrate contents and in protein linked to fiber. Total digestible nutrient content reaches a peak of 513.1 g kg-1 with the inclusion of 12.50% citrus pulp. The microbial inoculant, when isolated, does not influence carbohydrate and protein profiles. Inclusions between 10 and 20% citrus pulp are able to maintain adequate fermentative parameters and improve the digestible nutrient profile, with an adequate dry matter recovery.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos das inclusões de polpa cítrica peletizada e de inoculante microbiano sobre características fermentativas, fracionamento de carboidratos e proteínas, e teores de nutrientes digestíveis totais de silagem de capim 'Massai' (Megathyrsus maximus × Megathyrsus infestus). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2×4 (aplicação ou não de inoculante × 0, 10, 20 e 30% de polpa cítrica), com cinco repetições. Houve aumento da recuperação de matéria seca em função dos níveis de polpa cítrica. Os valores obtidos para pH e nitrogênio amoniacal indicaram adequado processo fermentativo. Sob níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica, houve redução dos teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro e aumento do teor de carboidratos não fibrosos e proteína ligada à fibra. O teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais atinge ponto máximo de 513,1 g kg-1 com a inclusão de 12,50% de polpa cítrica. O inoculante microbiano, quando isolado, não influencia os perfis de carboidratos e proteínas. Inclusões entre 10 e 20% de polpa cítrica são capazes de manter parâmetros fermentativos adequados e melhorar o perfil de nutrientes digestíveis, com adequada recuperação de matéria seca

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Ensilagem de gramíneas do gênero panicum – uma revisão

Part of animal production systems in Brazil have in the pastures of Megathyrsus genre grasses their main fodder source. However, there are qualitative and quantitative variations during the year, where forage production can be divided into two seasons: (i) rainy, when there is great availability of forage with good nutritional value; and (ii) dry, when its growth is restricted with consequent reduction in nutritive value. Thus, to conserve the excess forage produce in rainy season as silage is a viable alternative to reduce the effects of seasonality. However, several factors can influence the final quality of silage produced, those related to characteristics of the forage plant, ensilage procedures, or microbial and fermentative activity. In this sense, it is necessary to use additives that aim to minimize secondary fermentations, increase nutritive value, increase soluble carbohydrate contents and modulate desirable fermentations. Based on this context, the aim of this review was to contextualize the ensilage of Megathyrsus genre grasses, in addition to its advantages and limitations due to the quality of the fermentation processes and the silage itself.A maioria dos sistemas de criação animal no Brasil têm na pastagem de gramíneas do gênero panicum sua principal fonte de alimento. Contudo, apresentam variações qualitativa e quantitativa no decorrer do ano, onde a produção forrageira pode ser dividida em duas estações: das águas, quando há grande disponibilidade de forragem (80%) com bom valor nutritivo; da seca, quando seu crescimento é restrito com consequente redução na qualidade nutritiva. Assim, a conservação do excedente de forragem produzida nas águas sob a forma de silagem é uma alternativa viável para reduzir os efeitos da estacionalidade da produção forrageira. Contudo, diversos fatores podem influenciar a qualidade final da silagem produzida, os relacionados às características da planta forrageira e aos procedimentos de ensilagem, além dos relacionados à atividade microbiana e fermentativa. Fazendo-se necessário o uso de aditivos que visam minimizar fermentações secundárias, elevar o valor nutritivo, aumentar os teores de carboidratos solúveis e modular fermentações desejáveis. Com base nesse contexto, o objetivo desta revisão foi contextualizar a ensilagem de gramíneas do gênero Panicum spp., além de suas vantagens e limitações em função da qualidade dos processos fermentativos e da própria silagem.Parte de los sistemas ganaderos en Brasil tienen pastizales del género Megathyrsus como su principal fuente de voluminoso. Sin embargo, presentan variaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas durante todo el año, donde la producción de forraje se puede dividir en dos estaciones: (i) lluviosa, cuando hay una gran disponibilidad forraje con buen valor nutricional; y (ii) sequía, cuando su crecimiento está restringido con la consiguiente reducción en la calidad nutricional. Por lo tanto, conservar el forraje excedente producido en aguas na forma de silaje es una alternativa viable para reducir los efectos de la estacionalidad. Sin embargo, varios factores pueden influir en la calidad final del ensilaje producido, que pueden estar relacionados con las características de la planta forrajera, los procedimientos de ensilaje, o con las actividades microbianas y fermentativas. Es necesario utilizar aditivos destinados a minimizar las fermentaciones secundarias, aumentar el valor nutricional, aumentar los niveles de carbohidratos solubles y modulares las fermentaciones deseables. Con base en este contexto, el objetivo de esta revisión fue contextualizar el ensilaje de pastos del género Megathyrsus spp., Así como sus ventajas y limitaciones debido a la calidad de los procesos de fermentación y el ensilaje mismo

Forage yield in pastures with bermuda grass mixed with different legumes

ABSTRACT Three grazing systems with Coastcross-1 bermuda grass (CC) + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + common vetch; CC + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + arrowleaf clover; and CC + 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 were evaluated. Thirteen grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (313 days), with two, five, four and two cycles respectively in winter, spring, summer and fall. Lactating Holstein cows were used in the evaluation. Daily accumulation rate, forage production, rate of forage disappearance, agronomic intake, grazing efficiency, herbage allowance and stocking rate were evaluated. Mean rates of forage yield and stocking rate were 20.8; 17.6 and 19.7 t DM ha-1 and 7.0; 6.8 to 6.8 animal units ha-1 day-1 for the respective forage systems. The mixture Coastcross-1 plus common vetch, fertilized with 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 and Coastcross-1 fertilized with 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 provided greater productivity and better distribution of forage throughout the seasons

Forage production in mixed grazing systems of elephant grass with arrowleaf clover or forage peanut

ABSTRACT Most dairy production systems are pasture-based, usually consisting of sole grass species. This system facilitates pasture management, but results in high production costs, mainly because of nitrogen fertilizers. An alternative to making forage systems more sustainable is to introduce legumes into the pasture. Mixed pastures allow better forage distribution over time and reduce fertilization costs. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate, throughout the year, three forage systems (FS): FS1 (control) - elephant grass (EG), ryegrass (RG), and spontaneous species (SS); FS2 - EG + RG + SS + arrowleaf clover; and FS3 - EG + RG + SS + forage peanut. Elephant grass was planted in rows spaced 4 m apart. Ryegrass was sown between the EG lines, in the winter. Arrowleaf clover was sown according to the respective treatments and forage peanut was preserved. Evaluation was carried out using Holstein cows. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with three treatments (FS), and three repetitions (paddocks) with repeated measurements (grazing cycles). Forage mass achieved 3.46, 3.80, and 3.91 t ha-1 for the treatments FS1, FS2 and FS3, respectively. The forage systems intercropped with legumes produced the best results

Forage mass, botanical composition and stocking density of bermudagrass overseeded with forage legumes

ABSTRACT Pastures of the genus Cynodon are being cultivated alone in conventional production with high rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Information and research about its use on mixed-pasture system is scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate three grazing systems with coastcross-1 (CC) + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + common vetch; CC + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + arrowleaf clover; and CC + 200 kg N ha-1 year-1. The experiment was carried out from May 2013 to April 2014. The sward height, forage mass, botanical composition, leaf:stem ratio, and animal stocking density were evaluated. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (grazing systems) and three replicates (paddocks) in completely split-plot time (grazing cycles). The average stocking rate was 7.0, 6.8, 6.8 cows ha-1 day-1 for the respective forage systems. Better results were found with coastcross-1 mixed with common vetch + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 in winter and spring and coastcross-1 alone + 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 in autumn