The effect of excess fluid balance on the mortality rate of surgical patients: a multicenter prospective study

INTRODUCTION: In some studies including small populations of patients undergoing specific surgery, an intraoperative liberal infusion of fluids was associated with increasing morbidity when compared to restrictive strategies. Therefore, to evaluate the role of excessive fluid infusion in a general population with high-risk surgery is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intraoperative fluid balance on the postoperative organ dysfunction, infection and mortality rate. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study during one year in four ICUs from three tertiary hospitals, which included patients aged 18 years or more who required postoperative ICU after undergoing major surgery. Patients who underwent palliative surgery and whose fluid balance could change in outcome were excluded. The calculation of fluid balance was based on preoperative fasting, insensible losses from surgeries and urine output minus fluid replacement intraoperatively. RESULTS: The study included 479 patients. Mean age was 61.2 ± 17.0 years and 8.8% of patients died at the hospital during the study. The median duration of surgery was 4.0 (3.2 to 5.5) h and the value of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) 3 score was 41.8 ± 14.5. Comparing survivors and non-survivors, the intraoperative fluid balance from non-survivors was higher (1,950 (1,400 to 3,400) mL vs. 1,400 (1,000 to 1,600) mL, P <0.001). Patients with fluid balance above 2,000 mL intraoperatively had a longer ICU stay (4.0 (3.0 to 8.0) vs. 3.0 (2.0 to 6.0), P <0.001) and higher incidence of infectious (41.9% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.001), neurological (46.2% vs. 13.2%, P <0.001), cardiovascular (63.2% vs. 39.6%, P <0.001) and respiratory complications (34.3% vs. 11.6%, P <0.001). In multivariate analysis, the fluid balance was an independent factor for death (OR per 100 mL = 1.024; P = 0.006; 95% CI 1.007 to 1.041). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with excessive intraoperative fluid balance have more ICU complications and higher hospital mortality

Critérios para admissão de pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva e mortalidade

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os critérios utilizados na prática clínica, no processo de triagem de pacientes para admissão em UTI. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, em hospital terciário. Foram comparados quatro grupos diferentes de pacientes em relação à necessidade para admissão na UTI e divididos em prioridades 1, 2, 3 e 4, ou seja, prioridade 1 mais necessária até prioridade 4, menos necessária. RESULTADOS: Incluiu-se 359 pacientes, idade 66 (53,2-75,0) anos. APACHE II foi 23 (18-30). Obtevese 70,4% de vagas cedidas na UTI. A idade foi maior nos pacientes para os quais foram recusadas vagas em UTI 66,2±16,1 vs 61,9±15,2 anos (p= 0,02) e a prioridade 1 apresentou mais vagas cedidas 39,1% vs 23,8% vagas recusadas (p=0,01), o contrário ocorreu com prioridades 3 e 4. Pacientes com prioridades 3 e 4 apresentaram maiores idade, escores prognósticos e mais disfunções orgânicas, assim como maiores taxas de recusas. Ocorreram altas mortalidades destes grupos na UTI, 86,7% vs 31,3% no grupo de prioridades 1 e 2 (pOBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate criteria used in clinical practice, for screening of patients for ICU admission. METHODS: Cohort prospective study in a tertiary hospital. Four groups were compared in relation to ICU admission by ranking priorities into groups 1, 2, 3 and 4; highest priority 1, lowest priority 4. RESULTS: Enrolled were 359 patients, 66 (53.2-75.0) years old. APACHE II was 23 (18-30). The ICU made available 70.4% of beds. Patients who were refused beds in the ICU were older, 66.2±16.1 versus 61.9±15.2 years of age (p= 0.02) and the priority 1 group had less refusal of beds, which means, 39.1% versus 23.8% had beds refused (p=0.01). The opposite occurred with priorities 3 and 4. Patients in priority 3 and 4 showed older ages, score system and more organ dysfunctions as well as more refusals of beds. ICU mortality rates were higher for priority groups 3 and 4 when compared to 1 and 2 priority groups, 86.7% versus 31.3% (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Age, score system and organ dysfunctions were greater in priority groups 3 and 4 and these were related with refusal from the ICU. Patients refused admission to the ICU showed higher mortality rates and these remained higher among priority groups 3 and 4 even when patients were admitted to the ICU

The effect of excess fluid balance on the mortality rate of surgical patients: a multicenter prospective study

Introduction\ud In some studies including small populations of patients undergoing specific surgery, an intraoperative liberal infusion of fluids was associated with increasing morbidity when compared to restrictive strategies. Therefore, to evaluate the role of excessive fluid infusion in a general population with high-risk surgery is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intraoperative fluid balance on the postoperative organ dysfunction, infection and mortality rate.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud We conducted a prospective cohort study during one year in four ICUs from three tertiary hospitals, which included patients aged 18 years or more who required postoperative ICU after undergoing major surgery. Patients who underwent palliative surgery and whose fluid balance could change in outcome were excluded. The calculation of fluid balance was based on preoperative fasting, insensible losses from surgeries and urine output minus fluid replacement intraoperatively.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud The study included 479 patients. Mean age was 61.2 ± 17.0 years and 8.8% of patients died at the hospital during the study. The median duration of surgery was 4.0 (3.2 to 5.5) h and the value of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) 3 score was 41.8 ± 14.5. Comparing survivors and non-survivors, the intraoperative fluid balance from non-survivors was higher (1,950 (1,400 to 3,400) mL vs. 1,400 (1,000 to 1,600) mL, P <0.001). Patients with fluid balance above 2,000 mL intraoperatively had a longer ICU stay (4.0 (3.0 to 8.0) vs. 3.0 (2.0 to 6.0), P <0.001) and higher incidence of infectious (41.9% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.001), neurological (46.2% vs. 13.2%, P <0.001), cardiovascular (63.2% vs. 39.6%, P <0.001) and respiratory complications (34.3% vs. 11.6%, P <0.001). In multivariate analysis, the fluid balance was an independent factor for death (OR per 100 mL = 1.024; P = 0.006; 95% CI 1.007 to 1.041).\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud Patients with excessive intraoperative fluid balance have more ICU complications and higher hospital mortality

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Trombocitopenia em cirurgia cardíaca: importância diagnóstica e prognóstica Thrombocytopenia in cardiac surgery: diagnostic and prognostic importance

OBJETIVO: Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca estão mais propensos a desenvolver plaquetopenia. A trombocitopenia induzida por heparina acomete cerca de 5% dos pacientes. O objetivo foi avaliar a importância clínica da trombocitopenia grave em pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo observacional que incluiu os pacientes de cirurgia cardíaca com plaquetas <150.000 cel/mm³, durante as primeiras 24 h do pós-operatório. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avaliação pelo escore dos quatro "Ts" (trombocitopenia, uso de heparina prévia, trombose e queda de plaquetas não relacionada à heparina) e considerado como suspeita de trombocitopenia induzida pela heparina tipo II um escore > 6. A mortalidade na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e hospitalar, o tempo de internação, os escores de gravidade e a incidência de tromboses foram comparados em pacientes com escore e" 6 (grupo 1) e < 6 (grupo 2). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 120 pacientes divididos nos dois grupos, não havendo diferença entre os mesmos com relação a idade, prevalência do sexo, tempo de circulação extracorpórea e de cirurgia. Contudo, a incidência de trombose foi mais elevada nos pacientes do grupo 1 (23% vs. 0%, P<0,0001), assim como quanto maior o escore maior a mortalidade hospitalar (P<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O escore > 6, em pacientes no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, está associado a maior incidência de trombose, assim como o maior escore está relacionado à elevada mortalidade hospitalar.<br>OBJECTIVE: Patients undergo to cardiac surgery have more probability to develop thrombocytopenia. The heparin induced thrombocytopenia happens in 5% of the patients. The aim from this study was to evaluate the clinical importance from the severe thrombocytopenia in postoperative cardiac surgical patients. METHODS: It was included cardiac surgical patients with platelets < 150000 cel/mm³ during firsts 24 h from postoperative. All patients underwent evaluation for four Ts score (thrombocytopenia, use preview of heparin, thrombosis and platelets decreased not related to heparin). In order to a four Ts score e" 6 was considered as suggestive of heparin induced thrombocytopenia type II. The mortality rate in intensive care (ICU) and hospital, length of stay, healthy state and incidence from thrombosis were compared in patients with score > 6 (group 1) and < 6 (group 2). RESULTS: It was include 120 patients who met the inclusions criterions. There was no difference between the groups in related to age, gender, time of cardiopulmonary bypass and surgery. However, the incidence of thrombosis was higher in group 1 (23% vs. 0%, P<0.0001), as well as the greater score is related to higher hospital mortality rate. CONCLUSION: The score > 6, in postoperative cardiac surgical patients, it is associated to higher incidence of thrombosis as well as the greater score is related to higher hospital mortality rate

Influência da saturação venosa central de oxigênio na mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes cirúrgicos

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Saturação venosa central de oxigênio (SvcO2) baixa indica desequilíbrio entre oferta e consumo de oxigênio celular e, consequentemente, pior prognóstico em pacientes graves. No entanto, ainda não está claro qual o valor desse marcador em pacientes cirúrgicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se SvcO2 baixa no perioperatório determina pior prognóstico. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional, durante 6 meses, em um hospital terciário. Foram incluídos pacientes que necessitassem de pós-operatório em terapia intensiva (UTI) com idade > 18 anos, submetidos a cirurgias de grande porte. Pacientes com cirurgias paliativas e pacientes com insuficiên cia cardíaca grave foram excluídos. Valores de SvcO2 foram mensurados antes da cirurgia, durante o procedimento e após a cirurgia na UTI. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 66 pacientes e não sobreviveram 25,8%. Os valores médios de SvcO2 dos pacientes foram maiores no intraoperatório, 84,7 ± 8,3%, do que no pré-operatório e UTI, respectivamente 74,1 ± 7,6% e 76,0 ± 10,5% (p = 0,0001). Porém, somente os valores de SvcO2 no pré-operatório dos pacientes não sobreviventes foram significativamente mais baixos que os sobreviventes. Pela regressão logística SvcO2 pré-operatória, OR = 0,85 (IC 95% 0,74-0,98) p = 0,02 foi fator independente de mortalidade hospitalar. Pacientes com SvcO2 < 70% no pré-operatório apresentaram maior necessidade de transfusão sanguínea (80,0% versus 37,0% p = 0,001) e reposição volêmica no intraoperatório 8.000,0 (6.500,0 - 9.225,0) mL versus 6.000,0 (4.500,0 - 8.500,0) mL p = 0,04), com maiores chances de complicações pós-operatórias (75% versus 45,7% p = 0,02) e maior tempo de internação na UTI 4,0 (2,0-5,0) dias versus 3,0 (1,7 - 4,0) dias p = 0,02. CONCLUSÕES: Os valores de SvcO2 no intraoperatório são maiores que os do pré- e pós-operatório. Contudo, a SvcO2 baixa no pré-operatório determina pior prognóstico

Efetividade da sondagem pós-pilórica usando guia magnético

OBJETIVOS: Suporte nutricional adequado tem papel importante na evolução de pacientes graves. Entretanto, significativa porcentagem destes pacientes evolui com dismotilidade intestinal, provocando alto volume gástrico residual. A administração de dieta enteral através de sonda em posição pós-pilórica tem sido sugerida como método para melhorar a tolerância. Objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a taxa de sucesso no posicionamento pós-pilórico da sonda nasoenteral por utilização de equipamento, que permite acompanhar a progressão da sonda através da visualização por transmissão eletromagnética em tempo real, em comparação com o método tradicional. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, controlado, realizado em um hospital terciário durante três meses. Os pacientes foram randomizados para dois grupos: grupo com guia eletromagnético, pacientes submetidos à passagem de sonda nasoenteral sob auxilio do aparelho com visualização em tempo real e transmissão magnética e grupo convencional, passagem de sonda nasoenteral às cegas. O sucesso no posicionamento pós-pilórico e o tempo de duração do procedimento foram avaliados entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 37 pacientes, sendo 18 do grupo com guia eletromagnético e 19 do grupo convencional. A localização da sonda por meio da radiografia mostrou que o grupo com guia eletromagnético apresentou mais posicionamento pós-pilorico do que o grupo convencional, com menor tempo para realização do procedimento, com maior valor do pH do líquido aspirado pela sonda. CONCLUSÕES: O método de passagem e visualização a beira leito por transmissão eletromagnética garante de forma segura a monitorização e acurácia frente à sondagem nasoenteral