Internally Displaced Persons in Iraq

Internal displacement is a global issue in which Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) flee their home because of war, conflict and other issues, yet remain in their own country of origin (OCHA, 2016)

Transatlantic Romanticism: The English Romantics and American Nineteenth−Century Poetic Tradition

This thesis explores the Romantic origins of nineteenth-century American poetic tradition; it looks at the relationship between the English Romantics and major nineteenth-century American poets. My research focuses on the Romantic lines of continuity within nineteenth-century American poetry, identifying them as central to the representation of American cultural and literary identities. American poets shaped their art and national identity out of a Romantic interest in their native nature. My study particularly explores the diverse ways in which major American poets, of this time, reacted to, adapted and reformulated Romantic ideals of nature, literary creation, the mission of the poet and the aesthetic category of the sublime. It traces connections and dialogues between American poets and their Romantic predecessors, including Blake, Southey, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats and Shelley. This thesis is inspired by the strong and abiding academic interest in Romantic studies, and aims to advance new readings of nineteenth-century American poetry in a transatlantic literary and cultural context. It attempts to cover a wide range of nineteenth-century key poetic works in relation to Romantic visions, ideals and forms. Developing a chronological line of enquiry, my thesis highlights the paradox of writers seeking to establish an original, distinctive American literary canon while still heavily deriving ideas and techniques from other, non-American sources. An introductory chapter outlines the historical and cultural framework of the Anglo-American literary relationship, focussing on its sensibilities, tensions and affinities. Chapter two considers how Bryant and Longfellow reformulated the Romantic pastoral tradition in their representations of American landscape, which helped toward shaping a peculiar national poetic canon. Through examining Emerson’s poetic achievement in the light of the Romantic tradition, chapter three challenges Emersonian claims of originality and self-reliance. Chapter four addresses Whitman’s Romantic preoccupations and interests alongside his groundbreaking innovations manifested in his attitudes towards nature, human body and urban landscape as well as his experiments with poetic language and form. Chapter five attempts to interpret the seeming idiosyncrasy of Dickinson’s work in the light of the poet’s dialogues with her Romantic precursors. Above all, this study examines how Romanticism worked upon the minds and art of nineteenth-century American poets, aiming to provide refreshing interpretations of nineteenth-century American poetry in the context of the broader transatlantic Romantic tradition

Adolescents’ Perception of the Threat of Sexual Harassment: The Development of an Index

In Egypt female adolescents are on a daily base victims of various forms of sexual harassment as young females re unable to justify their feelings, thoughts and behaviors toward such violent and hostile activities. Therefore, this study develops an adolescents’ sexual harassment index (ASHI), which measures female adolescents’ perception of the threat of sexual harassment based on cultural, environmental and societal aspects. A total of 874 adolescents age 17–18 in Egypt participated in a survey consisting of 65 items of 7 variables: threat of SH, exposure, society awareness, child’s characteristics, social engagement, religiosity and the effect of the media. Using factor analysis with oblimn rotation, the analysis explained 42.38 of the variation in the study variables, leading to a four-factors solution: society awareness, interpersonal characteristics, personal engagement and sense of self and reality

A review of the ichthyofauna of Malaysian peat swamp forest

A review of literature showed that numerous intensive surveys have been carried out on the ichthyofauna of the peat swamp forests (PSFs) of Malaysia. This review aims to provide a checklist of blackwater fish species in Malaysia from available published literature, and address their economical importance, conservation status and problems of PSFs. A total of 198 peat swamp fish species from 32 families have been recorded in Malaysia. From this number, a total of 114 species from 23 families, representing about 40% of the known fish fauna in Peninsular Malaysia, were recorded from north Selangor PSF. Meanwhile, a total of 49 species belonging to 18 families, 13 species from seven families, 58 species belonging to 19 families, and nine species from five families were recorded from the peat swamps of Perak, Johor, Pahang and East Peninsular Malaysia (parts of Pahang and Terengganu), respectively. Meanwhile, 31 species from 12 families and 40 species belonging to 13 families were recorded from Sabah and Sarawak, respectively. Family Cyprinidae has the highest recorded species, followed by Osphronemidae, Bagridae and Siluridae. The IUCN Red List revealed 12 threatened species facing risk of extinction. The importance of conserving PSFs was outlined and suggestions made in line with the objectives of conservation. Findings from literature revealed that Malaysia's PSFs are rich in fish diversity, contrary to previous belief, and should therefore be conserved and protected to ensure the richness of their fish diversity

Aflatoxin B1 as an endocrine disruptor among miller flour workers

Aim: Aflatoxin В1 has been stated to inhibit the function of different endocrine glands. This study was proposed to clarify the possible effects of aflatoxin B1 as an endocrine disruptor on pituitary gland, thyroid gland and gonads among miller flour workers, and to evaluate its effects on human male sexual function. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in a flour mill in Helwan District Cairo, Egypt in 2019. The study included 42 exposed flour milling male workers from the grinding department which showed the highest level of aspergillus flavus in the air sampling of airborne fungi and 40 non-exposed males. Serumaflatoxin В1/albumin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, 17-beta-estradiol, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone were measured for the studied groups. Results: Sampling of airborne fungi revealed that aspergillus flavus and penicillum were the predominant fungal types in the flour mill. Indoor/Outdoor ratios for aspergillus flavus were ≥ 1 in all the locations indicating presence of indoor sources. Serum Aflatoxin В1/albumin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating, the existence of various types of sexual disorders (decreased libido, impotence and premature ejaculation) were higher while testosterone was lower in the miller flour workers compared to non-exposed. However, there was no significant difference regarding 17-beta-estradioland thyroid hormone levels between both studied groups. Conclusion: Aflatoxin B1creates possible human male reproductive health distresses in miller flour workers

Aflatoxin B1 as an endocrine disruptor among miller flour workers

Aim: Aflatoxin В1 has been stated to inhibit the function of different endocrine glands. This study was proposed to clarify the possible effects of aflatoxin B1 as an endocrine disruptor on pituitary gland, thyroid gland and gonads among miller flour workers, and to evaluate its effects on human male sexual function. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in a flour mill in Helwan District Cairo, Egypt in 2019. The study included 42 exposed flour milling male workers from the grinding department which showed the highest level of aspergillus flavus in the air sampling of airborne fungi and 40 non-exposed males. Serumaflatoxin В1/albumin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone, 17-beta-estradiol, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone were measured for the studied groups. Results: Sampling of airborne fungi revealed that aspergillus flavus and penicillum were the predominant fungal types in the flour mill. Indoor/Outdoor ratios for aspergillus flavus were ≥ 1 in all the locations indicating presence of indoor sources. Serum Aflatoxin В1/albumin, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating, the existence of various types of sexual disorders (decreased libido, impotence and premature ejaculation) were higher while testosterone was lower in the miller flour workers compared to non-exposed. However, there was no significant difference regarding 17-beta-estradioland thyroid hormone levels between both studied groups. Conclusion: Aflatoxin B1creates possible human male reproductive health distresses in miller flour workers.   Acknowledgement: The authors are grateful to the National Research Centre for funding this research.   Funding: This study was funded by the National Research Centre, Egypt.   Conflicts of interest: None declared.   &nbsp

Testing a Model of the Threat of Street Sexual Harassment in Egypt: Implications for Social Work Education

This study tested a model of Egyptian women’s well-being and perception of the threat of sexual harassment. The model was drawn from multiple theoretical frameworks, including the vulnerability perspective, objectification theory, and religious perspectives. Nine variables in the model reflect societal, interpersonal, and cultural variables that are believed to relate to women’s views about threats and social risks related to sexual harassment. A total of 1,977 Egyptian women aged 19-45 years voluntarily participated in the study. Path analysis showed that exposure to street sexual harassment was the strongest predictor of both perception of the threat of sexual harassment and a sense of vulnerability to sexual harassment. However, more nuanced results from the model had implications for social work education and research. This study fills an important gap in social work education related to sexual harassment by examining a complex web of interpersonal, environmental, and cultural factors relevant to women’s view of the threat of sexual harassment

The Immunohistochemically Estimation of CD63 in Iraqi Patients with Gastric Cancer

يتميز CD63بأنه أحد افراد عائلة التتراسبانين البروتينية، إذ يعد سمة مميزة للحويصلات الخارجية كونه ينعدم وجوده في الانواع الاخرى من الحويصلات. يتم التعبير عنه في الاغشية الخلوية للخلايا السرطانية، فضلا عن سايتوبلازم الخلايا الحشوية (بين الخلوية). تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى تقييم التعبير الإيجابي لـ CD63 في مرضى سرطان المعدة. وما إذا كان بالامكان استخدامه كدلالة تنبؤية للمرض. علاوة على ذلك، ايجاد العلاقة بين تعبير CD63, والمؤشرات السريرية المرضية مثل: الجنس، والعمر للمرضى، وعمق الغزو الورمي, والأنواع النسجية المختلفة للورم، واصابة العقد الليمفاوية، ودرجة تمايز الورم، ومراحل الورم (TNM). تم اجراء هذه الدراسة بأثر رجعي من الفترة الزمنية (2018-2020), على 50 مريضاً تم اختيارهم عشوائياً  10عينات كمجموعة سيطرة, و 40 عينة لمرضى سرطان المعدة) مع التقاريرالطبية  والتشخيصية من مختبر علم الأمراض في مستشفى أمراض الكبد والجهاز الهضمي التعليمي, في مدينة الطب، ومن بعض المستشفيات الخاصة.تم تصبيغ المقاطع النسجية لشريحتين من كل قالب بارافيني احدها H&E والثانية بـ CD63. أما التحليل الإحصائي فقد تم انجازه بواسطة نظام SPSS عند (P ≤ 0.05). وجدت فروق معنوية ذات دلالة إحصائية بين مجموعة السيطرة، ومجموعة المرضى في التعبير الإيجابي لـ CD63، كما كان هناك ارتباط معنوي بين تعبير CD63، والأنواع النسجية للورم، وعمق الغزو الورمي، واصابة العقد الليمفاوية، والمراحل المختلفة للورم في المرضى، بينما لم يكن هناك اي فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين عمر، وجنس المرضى، ودرجة التمايز، والتعبير الإيجابي لـCD63. تشير هذه النتائج إلى أن CD63 يمكن أن يستخدم كدلالة تنبؤية جيدة لمرضى العراق المصابين يسرطان المعدة.CD63 is -one of the tetraspanin family proteins, which are regarded as: hallmark exosomal markers because it is absent from other types of vesicles. It is expressed in the cell membrane of cancer cells, and cytoplasm of stromal cells. Objective: To assess CD63 expression in gastric cancer (GC) patients, and detected if it could be used as a predictive marker. Furthermore, the current study aimed to find the correlation between CD63 expression and clinicopathological parameters as: gender, age, invasion depth, histopathological type, involvement of lymph nodes, grade and stages of GC (TNM). The current study is a retrospective study in the period time from (2018 to-2020); 50 randomly patients formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks (FFPE) of stomach tissue (10 cases normal tissue without GC as control, and 40 patients with GC) with its reports and diagnosis were collected from Pathology Department of the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital and some private hospitals. The histological sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain for CD63. Statistical analysis accomplished by SPSS system at (P ≤ 0.05). This study indicated that there were  significant differences between control group, and patients group in the expression of CD63, also there was a significant correlation between CD63 expression, and histopathological subtype, invasion depth, involvement of lymph node, and stages in patients, whereas there was a non- significant association between the age, grade, and gender of patients, and the expression of CD63.This result indicates that CD63 could be a good prospective marker in Iraqi cancer patients

Effect of Nursing Care Guided by Roy’s Adaptation Model on Self-Evaluation of Women After Caesarean Section

Postpartum caesarean section is a critical time in the women life. During that time, the women need physical and psychological care as well as guidance for healthy practices for their health and newborns.  Aim: The study aimed to assess the effect of nursing care guided by Roy’s adaptation model on self-evaluation of women after caesarean section. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test was utilized.  Sample: A purposive sample of 60 women after caesarean section. Setting: The study was carried out at University and Teaching Hospital at Shebin El-Kom. instruments: An interviewing questionnaire,  postpartum follow-up form and post-partum self-evaluation questionnaire Results: There was a highly statistically significant improvement in the post intervention than the pre intervention regarding of puerperium problems and adaptation after cesarean section after implementation of Roy’s adaptation model (P < 0.001) Conclusions: The implementation of Roy’s adaptation model assisted  in stopping the majority of puerperium issues after cesarean section. The difference between most complaints was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05; p < 0.001) during the week of data collection. Recommendations: Roy’s adaptation model will be helpful if included incorporated as essential part of routine postpartum care. Keywords: Roy’s adaptation model, caesarean section, self-evaluation of women after caesarean section DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/67-05 Publication date:October 31st 2019

Civil Society in Iraqi Kurdistan: a historical perspective

This article analyses the history of civil society organisations (CSOs) in Iraqi Kurdistan, which has passed through several stages due to the attitudes of the political systems that have ruled Iraq. In this regard, under the rule of several Iraqi governments, CSOs in Iraqi Kurdistan were banned and repressed from their inception until 1991 because they were a living part of the Kurdish society, which was in the process of liberation. However, since the establishment of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), they have been given some freedom to work, which has led to their growth. Nevertheless, CSOs have faced many internal and external obstacles in recent years. This study is based on a scientific method and uses historical and political analysis to show the historical reality of CSOs in Iraqi Kurdistan. Despite having a long history of difficult periods, since 1991, with the establishment of the first cabinet of the KRG, CSOs’ activities have increased. Nevertheless, in recent years, CSOs have faced many internal and external obstacles, though they continue to grow and remain agile