The role of the students according to the New Curricular Transformation in activities related to the speaking skill of English as a foreign language in the ninth grade of the Public School José Dolores Estrada of Pueblo Nuevo-Jinotega, during the second semester 2010

The Nicaraguan educative system has experienced a big change with the implementation of the New Curricular Transformation which takes aim at finding better and effective ways of teaching, in order to improve the acquisition and application of the basic English skills which are acquired through the teaching learning process of English. For this reason it has been important to analyze the role of the students in activities related to the speaking skill, because developing the speaking skill is the main goal of the communicative competence. Another essential aspect is related to motivation, since it is the key to perform the basic English skills, especially the speaking skill. This research shows how to achieve the communicative approach. It has been elaborated through a process of researches and analysis, taking into account how to teach speaking, which is based on the communicative competence in the teaching‐learning process of English. It also makes emphasis on motivational process such asintrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as well as speaking activities, in relation to the students’ and teachers’ roles in the execution of them. Additionally, through its process of study, it guides to describe that. The role of the students in activities related to the speaking skill is focused on guaranteeing their own learning process. They have to be monitors, as well as active participants because they have to be the center of the teaching and learning process in order to create a cooperative learning especially in speaking activities because learning is acquired individuall

Los estudios del territorio en perspectiva de la geografía escolar

“Los estudios del territorio en perspectiva de la geografía escolar”, título del presente libro donde se recogen algunos de los textos presentados en la IV Convención Nacional de Educación Geográfica, organizada por la Universidad de Córdoba y la Universidad de Antioquia. Evento académico en el cual se dio el encuentro de docentes de geografía y ciencias sociales para conversar sobre los retos de la educación geográfica en el país y en particular acerca de las reflexiones y experiencias dadas en los procesos de enseñanza de esta disciplina escolar.Presentación 15Capítulo 1. Territorialidades educativas y educaciones geográficas 23Capítulo 2. Desarrollos recientes de las didácticas críticas para una geografía escolar comprometida socialmente: reflexiones desde una práctica pedagógica. 43Capítulo 3. El espacio de la educación: cuatro proposiciones desde el pensamiento clásico 67Capítulo 4: El enfoque cualitativo en la innovación de la didáctica de la geografía 91Capítulo 5: Resistência, território e ensino de Geografia: um debate sobre práticas e saberes escolares fundamentados no engajamento social 115Capítulo 6: Lectura del territorio con líderes comunitarios. Oportunidades de una ciudadanía territorial 139Capítulo 7. Imágenes mentales del territorio en la formación docente de ciencias sociales 161Capítulo 8. Perspectivas dialécticas sobre: territorio usado, lugar y espacio público – privado; categorías de análisis indispensables en la enseñanza de la geografía escolar 185Capítulo 9. Educación geográfica para los futuros profesionales en Planeación y Desarrollo Social y su quehacer desde la perspectiva territorial 205Capítulo 10. Implicaciones del discurso de la paz territorial para la educación 227Capítulo 11. Del necesario abordaje ético del territorio en el trabajo con comunidades víctimas del conflicto armado 245Capítulo 12. Otra mirada al paisaje en la educación rural 277Capítulo 13. Percepciones de las transformaciones paisajísticas dadas en las ciénagas del municipio de San Carlos a partir de la cartografía social. 295Capítulo 14. El paisaje, más allá de la imagen: apuestas para generar valores éticos y estéticos en la enseñanza de la geografía 319Capítulo 15. La imagen en la enseñanza de la geografía escolar y la construcción del pensamiento crítico 345Capítulo 16. La metamorfosis del paisaje desde un barrio mirador. Posibilidad de aprender y enseñar la ciudad en lo cotidiano 359Capítulo 17. Estudio del paisaje en La Mojana desde la percepción de las comunidades. Aportes para la enseñanza de la geografía. 379Capítulo 18. Las Olimpiadas Universitarias del Conocimiento del área de Geografía en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 393Capítulo 19. Los aportes de la cartografía social a la educación para la paz en las instituciones educativas. 421Capítulo 20. Formar pensamiento crítico desde la enseñanza de la geografía mediante el estudio del medio geográfico rural. 441Capítulo 21. Formación en didáctica de la geografía desde el semillero de investigación 463Capítulo 22. Geografía escolar una pedagogía de la memoria 483Capítulo 23. Monumentos con pies: la interacción en el Centro de la ciudad 505Capítulo 24. La ciudad y su ambiente. Un abordaje a partir de la salida de campo 52

Compilación de Proyectos de Investigación desde el año 2003 al 2012

Listado de Proyectos de investigación de UPIICSA desde 2003 a 201

Compilación de Proyectos de Investigacion de 1984-2002

Instituto Politecnico Nacional. UPIICS

Libro de Proyectos Finales 2021 primer semestre

PregradoIngeniero CivilIngeniero de SistemasIngeniero ElectricistaIngeniero ElectrónicoIngeniero IndustrialIngeniero Mecánic

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research