Fungicide application technology for controlling the sugarcane orange rust

With the epidemic onset of the sugarcane orange rust, fungicide applications of the Strobilurins and Triazoles groups have become necessary in susceptible varieties. This study aimed at evaluating the operational conditions of fungicide application in sugarcane (SP81-3250 variety), in relation to the spray deposition on the upper canopy and the effectiveness of the orange rust control. Treatments consisted of two application volumes (30 L ha-1 or 40 L ha-1) and three nozzle deflection angles (0 º, 90 º or 135 º), plus a ground application at the rate of 200 L ha-1, sprayed with a uniform flat spray nozzle of air induction. The ground application resulted in the smallest and the greatest spray deposition on sugarcane leaves and on the soil, respectively. The aerial application at the rate of 30 L ha-1, sprayed by hollow cone nozzles, at a deflection angle of 135 º, provided the best sugarcane orange rust control. Tecnologia de aplicação de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem alaranjada da cana-de-açúcar -- Com o surgimento epidêmico da ferrugem alaranjada da cana-de-açúcar, aplicações de fungicidas dos grupos químicos Estrobilurinas e Triazóis tornaram-se necessárias para as variedades suscetíveis. Objetivou-se avaliar as condições operacionais de aplicação de fungicidas em cana-de-açúcar (variedade SP81-3250), no que se refere à deposição de calda no dossel superior e à efetividade do controle da ferrugem alaranjada. Os tratamentos consistiram de dois volumes de aplicação (30 L ha-1 ou 40 L ha-1) e três ângulos de deflexão das pontas (0 º, 90 º ou 135 º), além de uma aplicação terrestre à taxa de 200 L ha-1, pulverizada por meio de pontas de jato plano uniforme de indução de ar. A aplicação terrestre resultou na menor e maior deposição nas folhas de cana-de-açúcar e no solo, respectivamente. A aplicação aérea com taxa de 30 L ha-1, pulverizada por pontas de jato cônico vazio, com ângulo de deflexão de 135 º, proporcionou o melhor controle da ferrugem alaranjada da cana-de-açúcar

Economic and environmental efficiency in Europe: evidence from a new stochastic frontier model

This study aims to evaluate the resource and environment efficiency problem of European countries. We specify a new stochastic frontier model where Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is considered as the desirable output and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions as the undesirable output. Capital, Labour, Fossil fuels and Renewable Energy consumption are regarded as inputs. The study is divided into two distinct periods, 2000-2004 and 2005-2011, in order to evaluate the difference between efficiency levels before and after the establishment of environmental targets related with the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005. A maximum entropy approach to assess technical efficiency is discussed

Improvement of Phytase Activity by a New Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Using Statistical Optimization

Using statistical optimization, we enhanced the activity of phytase by a new Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain cultured in mineral medium. Concentrations of carbon source and inducer of phytase production were optimized using a 22 full factorial CCD and response surface methodology (RSM). Urea was fixed as nitrogen source in culture medium (0.15%, w/v). The culture medium consisting of 2.5% sucrose and 0.5% sodium phytate optimally supported the maximum phytase activity. In addition, we found that culture of the yeast at 35°C with shaking at 150 rpm supports maximum phytase production. The validity of this model was verified by culturing the organisms in flasks on a shaker. Using the optimized media and growth conditions, we obtained a 10-fold improvement in the production of phytase by S. cerevisiae

Vulnerability in children with celiac disease: a scoping review protocol

(1) Background: The scientific literature reports that children with celiac disease (CD) are more susceptible to developing physical, psychological and social problems, conditioning their healthy childhood development. Despite this scientific evidence, the knowledge about determinants of vulnerability for the development of such problems is not consistent. In order to search the literature, a scoping review was conducted to analyse and map the evidence on the sociopsychosomatic vulnerability of children with CD and identify the gaps in this topic. (2) Methods: The methodology proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute will be adopted and aims to identify studies that meet pre-defined eligibility criteria. The survey will include a range of relevant electronic databases as well as grey literature using related terms such as vulnerability, child and celiac disease. (3) Results: This review will consider any type of quantitative, qualitative and mixed studies and systematic reviews, focusing on dimensions of vulnerability in children with CD. The process of selection of studies, data extraction and analysis will be developed by two independent researchers. A third and fourth researcher will be involved in the study when there is no consensus between the previous researchers, as well as for resolving issues regarding the methodological process. (4) Conclusions: Identifying the determinants of vulnerability in children with CD will help nurses to understand the impact on their childhood development and trace possible gaps. This research is registered on the platform Open Science Framework (OSF).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estimate for concentration level of the Adams functional and extremals for Adams-type inequality

This paper is mainly concerned with the existence of extremals for the Adams inequality. We first establish an upper bound for the classical Adams functional along of all concentrated sequences in $W^{m,\frac{n}{m}}_{\mathcal{N}}(\Omega)$, in particular in $W^{m,\frac{n}{m}}_{0}(\Omega)$, where $\Omega$ is a smooth bounded domain in Euclidean $n$-space. Secondly, based on the Concentration-compactness alternative due to Do \'{O} and Macedo, we prove the existence of extremals for the Adams inequality under Navier boundary conditions for second order derivatives at least for higher dimensions when $\Omega$ is an Euclidean ball

General model for delayed feedback and its application to transimpedance amplifier's bandwidth optimization

Delays in real systems can be of two types: i) intrinsic delays - due to the physical principles of operation of each electronic device; ii) designed delays - due to extra circuits used to add the desired delay. Previous work established the possibility of achieving bandwidth improvements using small delays inside the feedback loop of feedback amplifiers. The modeling approach followed on these contributions used only one designed delay element. The bandwidth reduction effect due to intrinsic delays was not considered on these contributions. This paper extends the concept to the general case of feedback amplifiers that incorporates delays of both types. An experimental demonstration using a simple 0.35μm BiCMOS transimpedance amplifier further confirms the proposed model. © 2006 IEEE