Searching for the roots of retardation : Spain in European perspective, 1500-1850

This paper investigates when did retardation begin in Spain and examines the evidence on economic performance over three centuries. In contrast to earlier estimates that focus almost exclusively on Castilian agriculture we look at trends in urbanization as a measure of economic activity outside agriculture and construct new measures of agricultural and total output at regional and national levels. We find distinctive long-run behaviour across Spanish regions that reject the identification between Castile and Spain. We also provide new output estimates for six Western European countries that allow placing Spanish performance in comparative perspective. Two main findings are highlighted. At the time of her imperial expansion Spain appears to have a relatively affluent nation and, by the late sixteenth century, her income per head was only below the Low Countries’ and Italy’s. The roots of Spanish retardation lie in the seventeenth century and deepened during the early nineteenth century.Preindustrial Spain, Europe, Urbanization, Agriculture, Retardation

A physiological basis for visual discomfort: Application in lighting design

Visual discomfort occurs when the statistics of the retinal image depart from those of natural scenes, particularly in respect of an excess energy at spatial frequencies close to 3 cycles/degree. Computer models suggest that uncomfortable stimuli are processed with a larger and less sparse neural response. Uncomfortable stimuli usually evoke a relatively large oxygenation of the visual cortex of the brain, consistent with inefficient neural encoding. The discomfort may be homeostatic. The neural computation that sustains sight is therefore likely to be more complex when the visual scene is spatially periodic, when the colour contrast is high or when saccadic suppression is impaired by flicker that is too rapid to be seen. </jats:p

O uso de algemas nas audiências de custódia: análise crítica da prática judicial sob a perspectiva da dignidade da pessoa humana

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, na modalidade de Dissertação, apresentado no Curso de Mestrado Profissional em Direito, inserido no Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu da Escola Nacional de Formação e Aperfeiçoamento de Magistrados – ENFAM, como requisito para obtenção do grau de mestre. Área de concentração: Direito e Poder Judiciário. Orientação: André Augusto Salvador Bezerra.Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Augusto Salvador BezerraBusca por intermédio de investigação de dados secundários e pesquisas de campo, em tribunais brasileiros, demonstrar a problemática do uso indiscriminado de algemas no contexto das audiências de custódia. Faz uma exposição teórica sobre o instituto das audiências de custódia e o regramento jurídico constitucional, infraconstitucional e transnacional que regulamenta e estabelece diretrizes normativas, fundamentados no princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, sobre a utilização das algemas como meio de contenção corporal

Tratamiento de los datos de cobertura móvil para la elaboración de mapas de disponibilidad

Tras la aparición de la telefonía móvil, su uso ha ido en aumento a una velocidad vertiginosa, por lo que existe un gran interés por parte de los usuarios en conocer la disponibilidad y la calidad de este servicio. Los usuarios son capaces de saber si donde se encuentran en cierto instante disponen de cobertura además de su tecnología (2G/GSM, 3G/UMTS, 4G/LTE o 5G), gracias a la visualización de la intensidad recibida por medio de un icono generalmente en la barra de notificaciones del dispositivo móvil, pero esta información resulta un tanto escasa en muchos casos. Es por ello que el objetivo de este proyecto es crear una aplicación para Android que permita mostrar a los usuarios datos de cobertura de una forma más precisa, y que puedan generar mapas de cobertura, para que puedan conocer mejor la disponibilidad del servicio que tienen contratado en los lugares que suelen frecuentar. El desarrollo de este proyecto se va a realizar en el seno de la investigación desarrollada por el Observatorio ISDEFE – UAH en TIC y Avance digital de la Universidad de Alcalá, la cual tiene varias líneas de trabajo, entre ellas una relacionada con la tecnología 5G sobre la cuál versará este proyecto.After the appearance of mobile telephony, its use has been increasing at a dizzying speed, so there is a great interest from the users in knowing the availability and quality of this service. Users are able to know if where they are at a certain moment, they have coverage in addition to their technology (2G/GSM, 3G/UMTS, 4G/LTE or 5G), thanks to the visualization of the intensity received by means of an icon generally in the notification bar of the mobile device, but this information is a little scarce in many cases. That is why the objective of this project is to create an application for Android that allows users to show coverage data in a more precise way, and that they can generate coverage maps, so they can know better the availability of the service they have contracted in the places they usually frequent. The development of this project will be carried out within the research developed by the ISDEFE - UAH Observatory on ICT and Digital Advancement of the University of Alcalá, which has several lines of work, including one related to 5G technology on which will deal with this project.Grado en Ingeniería en Sistemas de Telecomunicació

Nuevas técnicas de imagen en el estudio de la displasia cortical focal infantil: resonancia magnética de 3T con antena multicanal y PET-FDG

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Anatomía, Hisotlogía y Neurociencia. Fecha de lectura:12 de Julio de 201

Controlled nucleation of topological defects in the stripe domain patterns of Lateral multilayers with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy: competition between magnetostatic, exchange and misfit interactions

Magnetic lateral multilayers have been fabricated on weak perpendicular magnetic anisotropy amorphous Nd-Co films in order to perform a systematic study on the conditions for controlled nucleation of topological defects within their magnetic stripe domain pattern. A lateral thickness modulation of period $w$ is defined on the nanostructured samples that, in turn, induces a lateral modulation of both magnetic stripe domain periods $\lambda$ and average in-plane magnetization component $M_{inplane}$. Depending on lateral multilayer period and in-plane applied field, thin and thick regions switch independently during in-plane magnetization reversal and domain walls are created within the in-plane magnetization configuration coupled to variable angle grain boundaries and disclinations within the magnetic stripe domain patterns. This process is mainly driven by the competition between rotatable anisotropy (that couples the magnetic stripe pattern to in-plane magnetization) and in-plane shape anisotropy induced by the periodic thickness modulation. However, as the structural period $w$ becomes comparable to magnetic stripe period $\lambda$, the nucleation of topological defects at the interfaces between thin and thick regions is hindered by a size effect and stripe domains in the different thickness regions become strongly coupled.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Physical Review

Funcionamiento familiar e intensidad del síndrome climatérico. Comunidad La Tulpuna- Cajamarca, 2021

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la relación entre el funcionamiento familiar e intensidad del síndrome climatérico en mujeres de la comunidad La Tulpuna - Cajamarca, 2021. Metodología: Fue un estudio no experimental, de corte transversal y tipo correlacional; la muestra estuvo conformada por 194 mujeres en fase de climaterio de la comunidad La Tulpuna. Se empleó una prueba piloto para los instrumentos Test de Funcionamiento Familiar FF-SIL (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,931) y Escala Cubana para Clasificar la Intensidad del Síndrome Climatérico (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,946). Resultados: Respecto a los datos sociodemográficos y gineco obstétricos predominó la edad entre 40 y 49 años (69,6%), convivientes (73,7%), instrucción secundaria (44,8 %), amas de casa (59,3%), menarquia entre 12 a 14 años (71,1%), más de 3 hijos (43,8%) y antecedente de última menstruación fue hace menos de 1 año (63,4%); en cuanto al funcionamiento familiar destacó la familia disfuncional (37,1%); referente a la Intensidad del síndrome climatérico en su mayoría fue entre moderado (36,6%) y muy molesto (32,5%) donde las dimensiones que predominaron fueron los síntomas genitourinarios moderados (42,3%), síntomas generales moderados (41,8%) y síntomas psicológicos muy molestos (37,6%); el funcionamiento familiar relacionado con las dimensiones del síndrome climatérico fueron: síntomas circulatorios (p = 0,000), síntomas genitourinarios (p = 0,000), síntomas psicológicos (p = 0,000), síntomas generales (p = 0,000) y signos clínicos (p = 0,000). Conclusión: Se encontró relación altamente significativa entre el funcionamiento familiar e intensidad del síndrome climatérico en mujeres de la comunidad La Tulpuna. Cajamarca (p=0,000)

Double percolation effects and fractal behavior in magnetic/superconducting hybrids

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy ferromagnetic/ superconducting (FM/SC) bilayers with a labyrinth domain structure are used to study nucleation of superconductivity on a fractal network, tunable through magnetic history. As clusters of reversed domains appear in the FM layer, the SC film shows a percolative behavior that depends on two independent processes: the arrangement of initial reversed domains and the fractal geometry of expanding clusters. For a full labyrinth structure, the behavior of the upper critical field is typical of confined superconductivity on a fractal network.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

Determination of particle size distribution in cements with admixtures by optical methods

In determining particle size in powders, a large number of methods are employed including sedimentation (e.g. sedimentation scale method, Andreason´s pipette method and others), chromatography, microscopy, electrozone testing, scatter methods and filtration methods among others, each one of these with their own particular characteristics and corresponding degrees of accuracy. In the study of cements, the most used of these methods are the filtration (and/or sifting method), and sedimentation, this last one based on Stoke´s Law which compares the rate of particle separation in a liquid

3D reconstruction of magnetization from dichroic soft X-ray transmission tomography

The development of magnetic nanostructures for applications in spintronics requires methods capable of visualizing their magnetization. Soft X‐ray magnetic imaging combined with circular magnetic dichroism allows nanostructures up to 100–300 nm in thickness to be probed with resolutions of 20–40 nm. Here a new iterative tomographic reconstruction method to extract the three‐dimensional magnetization configuration from tomographic projections is presented. The vector field is reconstructed by using a modified algebraic reconstruction approach based on solving a set of linear equations in an iterative manner. The application of this method is illustrated with two examples (magnetic nano‐disc and micro‐square heterostructure) along with comparison of error in reconstructions, and convergence of the algorithm