Riesgo del aseguramiento en el sistema de salud en Colombia en 1997

A partir de la reforma al sistema de seguridad social en Salud que introdujo la Ley 100 de 1993 en Colombia, la población con capacidad de pago debe afiliarse al régimen contributivo en salud, y la población pobre al régimen subsidiado. El costo del plan obligatorio de salud del régimen contributivo (POS) se cubre con los aportes equivalentes al 12% del salario. El 100% del valor del plan de salud del régimen subsidiado (POSS) es cubierto con subsidios a la demanda. El valor del POSS equivale a un 50% de la unidad de pago por capitación del régimen contributivo. Ese menor valor corresponde a un cubrimiento menor de procedimientos y enfermedades en el POSS, que los que están cubiertas en el POS. Aparte de las diferencias entre el POSS y el POS, el sistema contempla un único plan de salud para toda la población. Como este tipo de esquemas, con planes únicos de salud para toda la población, propicia la selección de riesgos de parte de las aseguradoras (EPS y ARS), se contemplaron diversas medidas en el diseño del sistema para evitar ese tipo de acciones perversas, y eliminar de esta forma el incentivo para que las aseguradoras, en lugar de aumentar su eficiencia en la intermediación de servicios y en el aseguramiento de la población, se especialicen más bien en la selección de riesgos, atentando contra los principios de eficiencia, calidad y equidad que deben regir el funcionamiento del sistema. Este estudio intenta lograr dos objetivos básicos. En primer lugar, se busca establecer cuáles son las características socioeconómicas y demográficas de los individuos asociadas con las mayores frecuencias de uso de los servicios de salud en el sistema, así como, con el costo de los mismos. En particular, en el desarrollo de este análisis se evalúa cuál es el grado de utilización de los servicios por parte de los no afiliados, versus la utilización del POS y del POSS, por parte de los afiliados al régimen contributivo y al régimen subsidiado. En segundo lugar, se establece cuál es la distribución de riesgos entre las EPS (que afilian a la población del régimen contributivo), las ARS (que afilian a la población del régimen subsidiado) y el sistema de salud que atiende a los no afiliados. Adicionalmente, se analiza la evidencia empírica sobre la selección de riesgos en esas entidades. Del análisis realizado se desprende, entre otras conclusiones, que la evidencia disponible no muestra que la selección de riesgos haya sido una práctica de importancia entre las aseguradoras, a pesar de los incentivos existentes. Sin embargo, el esquema vigente de ajuste de la UPC y de la UPC-S resulta bastante imperfecto y limitado para prevenir la selección de riesgos. De una parte, en ambos regímenes la edad es una variable que puede depurarse. De otra parte, existen otras variables socioeconómicas relacionadas con el valor de los servicios recibidos por los individuos que podrían incorporarse en el esquema de ajuste.

The R&D activity as a supporting tool for the active teaching and learning methodology in an engineering course

R&D activities as a supporting tool of the active teaching and learning methodologies in an engineering course has been less explored. This document compares the results obtained after two questionnaires were applied to two different groups of students at the College of Electrical Engineering (FIE) at the Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. The first questionnaire was applied to an undergraduate group of Electromechanical Engineering students. The second questionnaire was applied to FIE faculty members. Both questionnaires try to measure the insertion of R&D results in the curricular content of an engineering course while using the active teaching and learning approach.R&D activities as a supporting tool of the active teaching and learning methodologies in an engineering course has been less explored. This document compares the results obtained after two questionnaires were applied to two different groups of students at the College of Electrical Engineering (FIE) at the Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. The first questionnaire was applied to an undergraduate group of Electromechanical Engineering students. The second questionnaire was applied to FIE faculty members. Both questionnaires try to measure the insertion of R&D results in the curricular content of an engineering course while using the active teaching and learning approach

Alarm Tree Analysis Using Statistical Techniques

This work presents a systematic method for the generation and treatment of the alarms' graphs, being its final object to find the Alarm Root Cause of the Massive Alarms that are produced in the dispatching centers. Although many works about this matter have been already developed, the problem about the alarm management in the industry is still completely unsolved. In this paper, a simple statistic analysis of the historical data base is conducted. The results obtained by the acquisition alarms system, are used to generate a directed graph from which the more significant alarms are extracted, previously analyzing any possible case in which a great quantity of alarms are produced.This work presents a systematic method for the generation and treatment of the alarms' graphs, being its final object to find the Alarm Root Cause of the Massive Alarms that are produced in the dispatching centers. Although many works about this matter have been already developed, the problem about the alarm management in the industry is still completely unsolved. In this paper, a simple statistic analysis of the historical data base is conducted. The results obtained by the acquisition alarms system, are used to generate a directed graph from which the more significant alarms are extracted, previously analyzing any possible case in which a great quantity of alarms are produced

ASSESING FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY WITH ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGIES

This paper applies and analyzes three alternative methodologies to assess fiscal sustainability of the central government´s debt, using as illustrative examples the cases of Colombia and Costa Rica: The IMF´s (2003 a); the Mendoza & Oviedo´s (2003); and a new methodology that incorporates the effects of the structural and cyclical components of output, government expenditures, and revenues, on the evolution of debt, with a particular indicator of debt sustainability based on the structural components, as long as the cyclical component of debt balances out along the full cycle. In addition, a methodology to estimate the probability of default of debt and to treat the interest rate as a function of that probability is developed and applied. The common characteristic of the three approaches is the explicit incorporation of uncertainty about the behavior of the variables determining the evolution of the government´s debt, and the formulation of specific indicators that capture the effect of volatility in the economy, as well as their incidence on fiscal and financial variables. In addition, the three methodologies applied use specific procedures to estimate the expected value of the relevant variables. The results, particularly those expressed in terms of the probabilities of default, constitute useful analytical tools for policy makers to foresee the wideness of the period available to undertake corrective fiscal policies, which are explicitly characterized along the paper.DEBT SUSTAINABILITY, MACRECONOMIC VOLATILITY, EXPECTED VALUES, MARKOV'S CHAINS

Panama metro line 1: Analysis of CO 2 emissions from 2015 to 2017. Principles for an eco-transportation city

This article presents an analysis of CO 2 emissions in the Panama Metro Line 1 (PML1) performed using the APTA methodology. The first section of this document presents a brief description of the Panama Metro line 1 and its current operational parameters. Moreover, the document presents a practical application of APTA methodology to determine the estimated CO 2 of PML1. Finally, a comparison with previous works of the Panama Railway Engineering Research Group about estimated CO 2 of PML1 for 2015, 2016 and 2017. The paper presents a set of a conclusion and future development lines in the topic covered.This article presents an analysis of CO 2 emissions in the Panama Metro Line 1 (PML1) performed using the APTA methodology. The first section of this document presents a brief description of the Panama Metro line 1 and its current operational parameters. Moreover, the document presents a practical application of APTA methodology to determine the estimated CO 2 of PML1. Finally, a comparison with previous works of the Panama Railway Engineering Research Group about estimated CO 2 of PML1 for 2015, 2016 and 2017. The paper presents a set of a conclusion and future development lines in the topic covered

Investigación en el CINEMI, resolviendo problemas reales

"Con el propósito de generar un espacio de interacción, de impulso, de investigación para las facultades de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Mecánica e Industrial se aprueba el 9 de diciembre de 2010, la creación del Centro de Investigación e Innovación Eléctrica, Mecánica y de la Industria (CINEMI). El centro tiene como objetivo fundamental, identificar e implementar programas y líneas de investigación orientados hacia la innovación y la transferencia científica y tecnológica en el marco de las líneas de investigación de la Universidad, fomentando el trabajo multidisciplinario con docentes y estudiantes de las facultades mencionadas.

Relación Entre la Investigación y la Docencia Activa. Un Punto de Vista Cualitativo de Estudiantes de Ingeniería

This manuscript presents a qualitative analysis about the engineering students perspective of the insertion of research results in the teaching/learning process in the classroom, and if these didactic resources motivated or promoted a future scientific research career.Keywords: research, active learning teaching, engineering students, perception, qualitative study.

Acceso de agua potable en la Comarca de Pochocuape y la lógica económica por parte de Enacal,2014

Pochocuape como uno de tantos lugares que presenta los problemas más serios de escasez del vital líquido, en donde los pobladores claman y suplican por calmar la sed y tener siempre el agua en sus hogares, se necesita agua limpia y saneamiento de alcantarillado para mantener la salud y la dignidad humana. Así como la empresa ENACAL es la que se encarga de distribuir el agua con gran responsabilidad a toda la población nicaragüense, pero se dispone de pocos recursos para poder hacer inversiones que puedan resolver el problema de la escasez del agua potable en Pochocuape por haber una población muy pobre que gozan de lo poco que tienen. La ley general del agua que es la que autoriza a que las personas sin necesidad de autorización alguna, tengan el derecho al acceso de agua ya sea por los medios o recursos hídricos que sean necesario para que realicen sus propias actividades en los hogares y gozar de una agua limpia y segura, garantizando saneamiento y tratamiento. Además nuestro trabajo investigativo tiene como parte de la finalidad específica de observar como nuestros recursos hídricos a través del tiempo vienen cambiando debido a diferentes causas climáticas

Panama Metro Bus System and Metro Line 1: An externalities analysis of CO2 emissions spectre

In recent years there is has been a need to reduce traffic congestion with the objective of contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions or air pollution. This argument could be seen as a new tariff or tax to make society more aware and contribute to the care of the environment. Externalities are those effects of the production or consumption of some agents in order to producing or consuming others, for which no payment is made. In this sense, this paper presents some estimation of the socio-environmental externalities of the Metro Bus system and Panama Metro Line 1 for the years 2007, 2010 and 2015. These externalities correspond to variables such as: reducing of CO2 emissions and decreasing in the occupation of urban roads, among others. In others words, this paper presents an American Public Transportation Association (APTA) standards practical development about the C02 emissions estimation in Panama City.In recent years there is has been a need to reduce traffic congestion with the objective of contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions or air pollution. This argument could be seen as a new tariff or tax to make society more aware and contribute to the care of the environment. Externalities are those effects of the production or consumption of some agents in order to producing or consuming others, for which no payment is made. In this sense, this paper presents some estimation of the socio-environmental externalities of the Metro Bus system and Panama Metro Line 1 for the years 2007, 2010 and 2015. These externalities correspond to variables such as: reducing of CO2 emissions and decreasing in the occupation of urban roads, among others. In others words, this paper presents an American Public Transportation Association (APTA) standards practical development about the C02 emissions estimation in Panama City