Inoculación de semillas de cebada con Azospirillum brasilense: producción de biomasa aérea y uso del agua

In semiarid and subhumid environments, plant growth promoting microorganisms mitigate abiotic stresses that frequently limit the grain production of winter cereals. Our objective was to quantify the field evolution of the shoot dry matter production of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cover crops inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense combined with two levels of fertilization. Four treatments combining a seed treatment with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization at sowing were placed in two sites from the semiarid and subhumid pampas region under contrasting initial water conditions. During the growing season, the water availability (rainfalls and water table contribution) was adequate for achieving normal growth of the crops. The fertilization and the inoculation treatments showed independent effects on the shoot biomass production with 23% mean response to inoculation and 44% mean response to fertilization. In the inoculated treatments, the greater shoot growth rate was observed between tillering and stem elongation anticipating the moment for maximum dry matter production compared with the treatments without inoculation. The inoculation of barley seeds with Azospirillum brasilense is a recommended management practice in dryland agricultural systems in the semiarid and subhumid pampas integrated with the production of annual summer crops.El crecimiento de cereales invernales en regiones semiáridas y subhúmedas es limitado por factores de estrés abiótico que podrían ser mitigados por la incorporación de microrganismos promotores del crecimiento. El objetivo fue cuantificar la evolución en la producción de biomasa aérea de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) como cultivo de cobertura inoculado con Azospirillum brasilense según dos niveles de fertilización. En dos sitios de la región semiárida región semiárida y subhúmeda pampeana, con condiciones hídricas iniciales contrastantes, se instalaron cuatro tratamientos combinando el tratamiento de semillas con Azospirillum brasilense y la fertilización en la siembra con fósforo y con nitrógeno. Durante el desarrollo de los cultivos no se observaron limitaciones aparentes en la normal provisión de agua. Los tratamientos de fertilización y de inoculación mostraron efectos independientes sobre la producción de biomasa aérea con aportes medios del 23% al inocular y del 44% al fertilizar. La mayor tasa de crecimiento al inocular ocurrió entre macollaje y encañazón adelantando el momento de máxima producción del cultivo. La inoculación de semillas de cebada con Azospirillum brasilense es una práctica recomendable para mejorar la contribución en la producción de cultivos de cobertura invernal y su integración en sistemas agrícolas con especies estivales

Efecto del uso de cultivo de cobertura en una secuencia de soja continua en la región semiárida pampeana

The objectives were to quantify its effect on the yield of the successor summer crop, to evaluate the dynamics of the decomposition of rye residues from a fertilized and unfertilized cover crop (CC), and to evaluate the cumulative effect of 5 years of rye CC in a rotation with a high incidence of soybean on the soil organic matter contents. The study was carried out on a petrocalcic Paleustoll, located in the Southern Plain of the Semiarid Pampa Region. The experiment was part of a long term trial where in 2010 two treatments for soybean management were installed, continuous soybean without CC and soybeans in rotation with CC. In 2018 an experimental design was established where plots were arranged in completely randomized blocks and 4 management treatments for soybean cultivation were established: continuous soybean without CC, soybean in rotation with CC without fertilization, fertilized with 60 kg N.ha-1, and with 120 kg N.ha-1. Nitrogen fertilization in the CC improved the capture rate of both carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that 40% carbon, 60% nitrogen, and 61% phosphorus contained in aboveground biomass were lost from the CC from drying to soybean harvest. The highest soybean yields were recorded in the rotation with fertilized CC, due to a positive effect between the higher soil water content in the early stages of cultivation due to a greater amount of residues, and also by the contribution of different nutrients during the soybean crop cycle.  The long term trial showed that after 5 years of cover crops in the soybean rotation there was no effect on the organic matter contents.Se plantearon como objetivos, cuantificar el efecto que tiene el centeno como CC sobre el rendimiento del cultivo de verano sucesor, evaluar la dinámica de la descomposición de los residuos de centeno utilizado como cultivo de cobertura (CC), fertilizado y sin fertilizar con nitrógeno (N). Evaluar el efecto acumulado de 5 años de CC de centeno en una rotación con alta incidencia de oleaginosa, sobre los contenidos de materia orgánica. El estudio se desarrolló sobre un Paleustol petrocálcico, ubicado en el sur de la planicie con tosca de la Región Semiárida Pampeana, correspondiente a un ensayo de larga duración donde en el año 2010 se instalaron dos secuencias para el manejo del cultivo de soja, soja continua sin inclusión de CC y soja en rotación con CC. En el año 2018 se estableció un diseño experimental dispuesto en parcelas en bloques completamente aleatorizados y se establecieron 4 tratamientos de manejo para el cultivo de soja: Soja continua sin inclusión de CC. Soja en rotación con CC sin fertilizar. Soja en rotación con CC fertilizado con 60 kg N.ha-1 y Soja en rotación con CC fertilizado con 120 kg N.ha-1. La fertilización nitrogenada mejoró la captura en biomasa aérea de carbono, como de nitrógeno y fósforo. En promedio, un 40 % de carbono, 60% de nitrógeno y 61% de fósforo contenido en biomasa se perdieron desde el secado, hasta la cosecha de soja. Los mayores rendimientos de soja se registraron en la rotación con CC fertilizado, debido probablemente al aporte de diferentes nutrientes durante el ciclo del cultivo de soja. El estudio a largo plazo demostró que después de 5 años de inclusión de CC en la rotación con soja no hubo efecto positivo sobre los contenidos de materia orgánica

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Psiquismo y pareja: Re-conocimiento a través del vinculo

El objetivo de esta investigación fue: Identificar el vínculo que se construyó con los objetos primarios, la organización y el funcionamiento del grupo familiar y su participación en el establecimiento de las relaciones de pareja en la vida adulta desde un grupo terapéutico bajo una perspectiva psicoanalítica. Para este, se utilizó una metodología de tipo cualitativo, con un diseño de estudio de caso teniendo como instrumento los protocolos obtenidos durante el transcurso del grupo terapéutico. Los participantes: tres parejas que asistieron a 10 sesiones de 2 horas cada una. Para el registro se utilizarán los documentos de análisis (registros de sesión o protocolos), teniendo en cuenta el proceso trasferencia – contratransferencia propia del abordaje psicoterapéutico de orientación psicoanalítica. Se espera con este abordaje contribuir a ampliar la mirada analítica de los psicoterapeutas con sus pacientes, tanto en la UOAP como en los diferentes contextos relacionados con el quehacer psicoanalítico, prevaleciendo la dinámica vincular y organización familiar con los objetos primarios y su influencia en la elección y construcción de pareja.The objective of this research was: To identify the link that was built with the primary objects, the organization and functioning of the family group and their participation in the establishment of relationships in adult life from a therapeutic group from a psychoanalytic perspective. For this, a qualitative methodology was used, with a case study design based on the protocols obtained during the course of the therapeutic group. Participants: three couples who attended 10 sessions of 2 hours each. For the record, the analysis documents (session records or protocols) will be used, taking into account the transfer-countertransference process typical of the psychoanalytic counseling approach. It is hoped with this approach to contribute to broadening the analytical view of psychotherapists with their patients, both in the UOAP and in the different contexts related to psychoanalytic work, prevailing the dynamics linking and family organization with primary objects and their influence on the choice and couple building.1. Resumen. -- 2. Introducciòn. -- 3. Planteamiento del problema. -- 4. Justificación. -- 5. Objetivos. -- 6. Marco referencial. -- 7. Marco teórico. -- 8. Metodología. -- 9. Análisis del material clínico. -- 10. Discusión. -- 11. Conclusiones. -- 12. Reflexión. -- 13. Biografía. -- 14. Anexo

Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Results From the CREDENCE Trial and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]).CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791

Kidney and Cardiovascular Effects of Canagliflozin According to Age and Sex: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CREDENCE Randomized Clinical Trial

Rationale & Objective: It is unclear whether the effect of canagliflozin on adverse kidney and cardiovascular events in those with diabetic kid-ney disease varies by age and sex. We assessed the effects of canagliflozin among age group categories and between sexes in the Canagli-flozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study.Study Design: Secondary analysis of a random-ized controlled trial. Setting & Participants: Participants in the CREDENCE trial. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin 100 mg/d or placebo.Outcomes: Primary composite outcome of kid-ney failure, doubling of serum creatinine con-centration, or death due to kidney or cardiovascular disease. Prespecified secondary and safety outcomes were also analyzed. Out-comes were evaluated by age at baseline (<60, 60-69, and >_70 years) and sex in the intention-to-treat population using Cox regression models.Results: The mean age of the cohort was 63.0 & PLUSMN; 9.2 years, and 34% were female. Older age and female sex were independently associ-ated with a lower risk of the composite of adverse kidney outcomes. There was no evidence that the effect of canagliflozin on the primary outcome (acomposite of kidney failure, a doubling of serum creatinine concentration, or death from kidney or cardiovascular causes) differed between age groups (HRs, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.52-0.87], 0.63 [0.4 8-0.82], and 0.89 [0.61-1.29] for ages <60, 60-69, and >_70 years, respectively; P = 0.3 for interaction) or sexes (HRs, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.5 4-0.95] and 0.69 [0.56-0.8 4] in women and men, respectively; P = 0.8 for interaction). No differences in safety outcomes by age group or sex were observed.Limitations: This was a post hoc analysis with multiple comparisons.Conclusions: Canagliflozin consistently reduced the relative risk of kidney events in people with diabetic kidney disease in both sexes and across age subgroups. As a result of greater background risk, the absolute reduction in adverse kidney outcomes was greater in younger participants.Funding: This post hoc analysis of the CREDENCE trial was not funded. The CREDENCE study was sponsored by Janssen Research and Development and was conducted collaboratively by the sponsor, an academic-led steering committee, and an academic research organization, George Clinical.Trial Registration: The original CREDENCE trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT02065791

Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics in Evaluation of LIXisenatide in Acute Coronary Syndrome, a long-term cardiovascular end point trial of lixisenatide versus placebo

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, patients with T2DM and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have a particularly high risk of CV events. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, lixisenatide, improves glycemia, but its effects on CV events have not been thoroughly evaluated. METHODS: ELIXA (www.clinicaltrials.gov no. NCT01147250) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study of lixisenatide in patients with T2DM and a recent ACS event. The primary aim is to evaluate the effects of lixisenatide on CV morbidity and mortality in a population at high CV risk. The primary efficacy end point is a composite of time to CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Data are systematically collected for safety outcomes, including hypoglycemia, pancreatitis, and malignancy. RESULTS: Enrollment began in July 2010 and ended in August 2013; 6,068 patients from 49 countries were randomized. Of these, 69% are men and 75% are white; at baseline, the mean ± SD age was 60.3 ± 9.7 years, body mass index was 30.2 ± 5.7 kg/m(2), and duration of T2DM was 9.3 ± 8.2 years. The qualifying ACS was a myocardial infarction in 83% and unstable angina in 17%. The study will continue until the positive adjudication of the protocol-specified number of primary CV events. CONCLUSION: ELIXA will be the first trial to report the safety and efficacy of a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist in people with T2DM and high CV event risk

Measurement of the double-differential inclusive jet cross section in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV

International audienceThe inclusive jet cross section is measured as a function of jet transverse momentum $p_\mathrm{T}$ and rapidity $y$. The measurement is performed using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb$^{-1}$. The jets are reconstructed with the anti-$k_\mathrm{T}$ algorithm using a distance parameter of $R$ = 0.4, within the rapidity interval $\lvert y\rvert$$\lt$ 2, and across the kinematic range 0.06 $\lt$$p_\mathrm{T}$$\lt$ 1 TeV. The jet cross section is unfolded from detector to particle level using the determined jet response and resolution. The results are compared to predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics, calculated at both next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order. The predictions are corrected for nonperturbative effects, and presented for a variety of parton distribution functions and choices of the renormalization/factorization scales and the strong coupling $\alpha_\mathrm{S}$

Measurement of the double-differential inclusive jet cross section in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV

International audienceThe inclusive jet cross section is measured as a function of jet transverse momentum $p_\mathrm{T}$ and rapidity $y$. The measurement is performed using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb$^{-1}$. The jets are reconstructed with the anti-$k_\mathrm{T}$ algorithm using a distance parameter of $R$ = 0.4, within the rapidity interval $\lvert y\rvert$$\lt$ 2, and across the kinematic range 0.06 $\lt$$p_\mathrm{T}$$\lt$ 1 TeV. The jet cross section is unfolded from detector to particle level using the determined jet response and resolution. The results are compared to predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics, calculated at both next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order. The predictions are corrected for nonperturbative effects, and presented for a variety of parton distribution functions and choices of the renormalization/factorization scales and the strong coupling $\alpha_\mathrm{S}$