Los protozoos: características generales y su rol como agentes patógenos

os protozoos son células eucariotas simples (organismos cuyas células tienen membrana nuclear) con características del reino animal, ya que son móviles y heterótrofos. El nombre, que proviene del griego proto: primero y zoo: animal, avala la hipótesis de que son los seres vivos más antiguos, que fueron las primeras células que existieron. Debido a su tamaño pequeño y a la producción de quistes que les permiten resistir a las condiciones medioambientales adversas, muchas especies son cosmopolitas (Cairns y Ruthven, 1972), mientras que otras son de distribución limitada

Analysis of gender perspective in the use of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses: A systematic review

Aim: To identify, describe and analyse the gender perspective in the use of the diagnoses contained in the NANDA-I taxonomy in observational studies published in the scientific literature. Design and methods: A systematic review has been conducted spanning from 2002 to 2020. The most frequent NANDA-I nursing diagnoses in care plans reported in observational studies, and the defining characteristics and related factors identified for men and women have been described. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA-P) have guided our research. The main findings have been summarized using a descriptive narrative synthesis approach.Results: Forty-one articles were included in our study. With regard to gender analysis, the percentage of men and women that make up the sample were not specified in all articles, and half of the studies did not identify gender either in the diagnosis label or in their defining characteristics or related factors. Based on the reviewed articles, gender perspectives are not systematically incorporated in the use of the NANDA-I diagnosis. Therefore, gender biases in its use in the scientific literature may exist. This situation poses barriers to determine the health responses that are different and unequal between women and men

Campomanesia lineatifolia extracts for enzymatic browning control in minimally processed potato

1 recurso en línea (páginas 39-48).Los recubrimientos comestibles elaborados con extractos vegetales han resultado adecuados para alargar la vida útil de los productos mínimamente procesados. Este trabajo evaluó el uso de un extracto de champa (Campomanesia lineatifolia R&P) dentro de un recubrimiento comestible aplicado sobre papa (Solanum tuberosum) Diacol Capiro mínimamente procesada. Para ello se caracterizaron nueve extractos por HPLC-DAD, seleccionando para la elaboración del recubrimiento el extracto obtenido con mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos (específicamente, ácido gálico 254.8 mg.kg-1 de extracto seco). Luego, utilizando papa cortada en discos se evaluaron tres recubrimientos, en los cuales se varió la concentración del extracto seleccionado desde 0.5 % hasta 1.5 % p/v. Los discos de papa se almacenaron durante 10 días en refrigeración a 5 °C y 55 % de humedad relativa en bandejas de polipropileno, realizando durante este periodo el seguimiento de las coordenadas de color CIELAB. Los resultados permitieron establecer que el extracto de champa minimizaba la disminución en la luminosidad del producto durante su almacenamiento, sugiriendo un efecto positivo como inhibidores del pardeamiento. Asimismo, se estableció que el color natural del extracto afectaba el color del producto, situación que puede limitar sus aplicaciones a matrices en donde esto no sea inconveniente.Edible coatings made from vegetable extracts have been found to be suitable for extending the shelf life of minimally processed products. This paper was carried out to evaluate champa extract performance (Campomanesia lineatifolia R & P) in an edible coating applied on Diacol Capiro potato (Solanum tuberosum) minimally processed. Thus, nine extracts were characterized by HPLC-DAD, by selecting the extract obtained with the highest content of phenolic compounds (specifically gallic acid 254.8 mg.kg-1 dry extract) for the coating formulation. Then, using potato slices, three coatings were evaluated, with different extracts concentration, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 % w/v %. The potato slices were stored for 10 days in refrigeration at 5 °C and 55 % of relative humidity in polypropylene dishes. During the storage, the CIELAB color coordinates were measured. The champa extract minimized the product luminosity decrease, suggesting a positive effect as a browning inhibitor. In addition, was stablished that the color natural extract can affect the product color, which may limit its applications to matrices where the color does not represent a quality inconvenience.Bibliografía: página 48

Association of IFN-γ +874 A/T SNP and hypermethylation of the -53 CpG site with tuberculosis susceptibility

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is now the 2nd leading infectious killer after COVID-19 and the 13th leading cause of death worldwide. Moreover, TB is a lethal combination for HIV-patients. Th1 responses and particularly IFN-γ are crucial for immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Many gene variants for IFNG that confer susceptibility to TB have been described in multiple ethnic populations. Likewise, some epigenetic modifications have been evaluated, being CpG methylation the major epigenetic mark that makes chromatin inaccessible to transcription factors, thus avoiding the initiation of IFNG transcription. Methods: We evaluated both genetic and epigenetic changes involved in IFN-γ production and TB susceptibility in Argentine population. Amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) was performed for the IFN-γ +874 A/T polymorphism (rs2430561) genotyping in 199 healthy donors (HD) and 173 tuberculosis (TB) patients. IFN-γ levels from M. tuberculosis-stimulated PBMCs were measured by ELISA. The methylation status at the -53 CpG site of the IFNG promoter in individuals with latent infection (LTBI), TB and HD was determine by pyrosequencing. Results: Using a case-control study, we found that A allele and, consequently, AA genotype were overrepresented in patients with active disease. Moreover, HD carrying T allele (AT or TT genotype) evidenced an augmented IFN-γ secretion compared to TB patients. Codominance was the genetic model that best fits our results according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC). In addition, increased methylation levels at the -53 CpG site in the IFN-γ promoter were observed in whole blood of patients with active TB compared to LTBI individuals. Discussion: IFN-γ is regulated by genetic variants and epigenetic modifications during TB. Besides, AA genotype of the rs2430561 single nucleotide polymorphism could be considered as a potential TB susceptibility genetic biomarker in Argentina and the methylation of the -53 CpG site could result in a useful predictor of TB reactivation.Fil: Alvarez, Guadalupe Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Hernández del Pino, Rodrigo Emanuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Barbero, Angela Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Estermann, Martín Andrés. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Celano, Josefina. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Musella, Rosa María. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; ArgentinaFil: Palmero, Domingo Juan. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; ArgentinaFil: García, Verónica Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Pasquinelli, Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Diagnóstico inmunológico de la Equinococcosis Ovina

El inmunodiagnóstico en el ovino presenta problemas de sensibilidad y especificidad que limitan su aplicación en sistemas de vigilancia de la enfermedad. El Objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar una técnica sensible, específica y económica para el diagnóstico de la echinococcosis quística en ovinos naturalmente infectados y evaluar la validez de la necropsia como prueba de referencia. 247 ovinos fueron estudiados en sala de faena confirmándose los diagnósticos parasitológicos mediante histología. Los sueros obtenidos fueron procesados mediante enzimo inmuno ensayo con tres preparaciones antigénicas: LHT (líquido hidatídico total), S2B (fracción purificada de LHT) y B y confirmados mediante western blot. EIE con las tres preparaciones antigénicas fue eficaz para discriminar E. granulosus de Cisticercos tenuícolis y Taenia spp. Sueros de ovinos negativos macroscópicamente resultaron reactivos a EIE y positivos a WB. La sensibilidad fue de 89.2% para LHT, 80.0% para S2B y 86.4% para B. La especificidad fue del 89.5% para LHT, 93.9% para S2B y 92.8% para B en el total de la majada. La sensibilidad en corderos resultó de 78.6 con LHT, 75.0 con S2B y 64.3 con B. El diagnóstico macroscópico en sala de faena demostró tener limitaciones como prueba de referencia para el inmunodiagnóstico de la equinococcosis quística en el ovino, resultando necesario incluir histología y WB como pruebas de referencia. EIE resultó una técnica con sensibilidad y especificidad adecuadas para su uso en sistemas de vigilancia y evaluación de programas de control, resultando LHT la preparación antigénica de mayor valor

Actinomicosis y Actinobacilosis : una causa frecuente de lesiones granulomatosas en los bovinos del Departamento Maracó de la provincia de La Pampa, República Argentina

In a work developed in Argentine, La Pampa Province, Maracó Department, to proved the relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (BT) which on observed an important quantity (30,20%) that granulomatous macroscopic lesions diagnosed as tuberculosis were negative in the hystopathology diagnosis. The present work was realized to determinate what is the agents that cause this lesions. Which the 46,66% of this cases resulted actinomycosis and wooden tongue. The remainder (53,44%), were lesions compatibles with the mentionated lesions. This findings proved the importance of actinomycosis and wooden tongue as endemic disease for the studied zoneEn un trabajo desarrollado en el Departamento Maracó de la provincia de La Pampa (República Argentina), para comprobar la correlación entre los diagnósticos macroscópico y microscópico de tuberculosis bovina (TBC), se observó que una importante cantidad (30,20%) de las alteraciones granulomatosas diagnosticadas macroscópicamente como TBC, resultaron negativas en la histopatología. El presente trabajo se realizó para determinar a qué entidades nosológicas correspondían estas alteraciones. El 46,66 % de dichos casos correspondieron a actinomicosis/ actinobacilosis, el resto (53,44%) eran lesiones no compatibles con las enfermedades mencionadas. Estos hallazgos demostraron la importancia de la actinomicosis/ actinobacilosis como enfermedad endémica para la zona estudiad

Tuberculosis bovina relación de proporciones entre los diagnósticos anatomopatológicos macroscópico y microscópico

At present exists a National Plan of Control and Eradication of Bovine Tuberculosis, which more important methodology for the prevalence estimation through the macroscopic anatomopathology diagnosis of affected animals in the abattoirs. To make reliable these data, it realize study like hystophatology diagnosis. At present, the correlation found about this diagnosis with respect to the macroscopic was between 54 to 90%. The purpose of the present work was to analyze one of the incident factors in the amplitude of the finded correlations, increasing the numbers of samples of each suspected sicks individuals. The 60,40% of studied samples about histopathology method were confirmed (considering only one subsample) and the 69.80% were confirmed by the diagnosis of more one subsample. To enhance the sensibility and the sensibility of histopathology diagnosis it decided to do specific cultures in the positives and the negatives samples. The results were the following: the sensibility of histopathology diagnosis was 71,15% and the specificity was 97,77%. The prevalence of the animal population studied and in the time analyzed was in order of 2,64%Existe en la actualidad un Plan Nacional de Control y Erradicación de la Tuberculosis Bovina, en el que uno de los métodos más importantes para estimar la prevalencia es a partir de la detección de animales enfermos mediante el diagnóstico anatomopatológico macroscópico en frigoríficos.Para hacer confiables estos datos, se realizan otros estudios entre los que se encuentra el histopatológico. De acuerdo con la bibliografía y trabajos anteriores de los autores, la relación de proporciones entre los diagnósticos macroscópico y microscópico variaba entre el 54 y el 90%. Esta variación era excesivamente amplia para estimar la prevalencia de la enfermedad en el ganado bovino a partir de los datos obtenidos en frigoríficos. El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en analizar uno de los factores que inciden en la amplitud de las correlaciones halladas, aumentando el número de muestras de cada individuo sospechado de estar enfermo. Fueron confirmados por histopatología el 60,40% de las muestras estudiadas (considerando una sola submuestra), este porcentaje aumentó al 69,80% cuando se recurrió al diagnóstico de las otras submuestras.Para conocer la sensibilidad y la especificidad del diagnóstico histopatológico se decidió realizar cultivos específicos tanto en las muestras positivas como las negativas a dicho estudio. Los resultados fueron los siguientes: la sensibilidad del diagnóstico histopatológico fue del 71,15% y la especificidad del 97,77%.Este primer muestreo reveló que la prevalencia de la tuberculosis en la población estudiada y en el período analizado fue del 2,64

Epidemiology of foodborne Norovirus outbreaks in Catalonia, Spain

Background: Noroviruses are one of the principal biological agents associated with the consumption of contaminated food. The objective of this study was to analyse the size and epidemiological characteristics of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Catalonia, a region in the northeast of Spain. Methods: In all reported outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with food consumption, faecal samples of persons affected were analysed for bacteria and viruses and selectively for parasites. Study variables included the setting, the number of people exposed, age, sex, clinical signs and hospital admissions. The study was carried out from October 2004 to October 2005. Results: Of the 181 outbreaks reported during the study period, 72 were caused by Salmonella and 30 by norovirus (NoV); the incidence rates were 14.5 and 9.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. In 50% of the NoV outbreaks and 27% of the bacterial outbreaks (p = 0.03) the number of persons affected was ¿10; 66.7% of NoV outbreaks occurred in restaurants; no differences in the attack rates were observed according to the etiology. Hospitalizations were more common (p = 0.03) in bacterial outbreaks (8.6%) than in NoV outbreaks (0.15%). Secondary cases accounted for 4% of cases in NoV outbreaks compared with 0.3% of cases in bacterial outbreaks (p < 0.001) Conclusion: Norovirus outbreaks were larger but less frequent than bacterial outbreaks, suggesting that underreporting is greater for NoV outbreaks. Food handlers should receive training on the transmission of infections in diverse situations. Very strict control measures on handwashing and environmental disinfection should be adopted in closed or partially-closed institutions

Epidemiology of foodborne Norovirus outbreaks in Catalonia, Spain

Background: Noroviruses are one of the principal biological agents associated with the consumption of contaminated food. The objective of this study was to analyse the size and epidemiological characteristics of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Catalonia, a region in the northeast of Spain. Methods: In all reported outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with food consumption, faecal samples of persons affected were analysed for bacteria and viruses and selectively for parasites. Study variables included the setting, the number of people exposed, age, sex, clinical signs and hospital admissions. The study was carried out from October 2004 to October 2005. Results: Of the 181 outbreaks reported during the study period, 72 were caused by Salmonella and 30 by norovirus (NoV); the incidence rates were 14.5 and 9.9 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. In 50% of the NoV outbreaks and 27% of the bacterial outbreaks (p = 0.03) the number of persons affected was ¿10; 66.7% of NoV outbreaks occurred in restaurants; no differences in the attack rates were observed according to the etiology. Hospitalizations were more common (p = 0.03) in bacterial outbreaks (8.6%) than in NoV outbreaks (0.15%). Secondary cases accounted for 4% of cases in NoV outbreaks compared with 0.3% of cases in bacterial outbreaks (p < 0.001) Conclusion: Norovirus outbreaks were larger but less frequent than bacterial outbreaks, suggesting that underreporting is greater for NoV outbreaks. Food handlers should receive training on the transmission of infections in diverse situations. Very strict control measures on handwashing and environmental disinfection should be adopted in closed or partially-closed institutions

High-resolution hepatitis C virus subtyping using NS5B deep sequencing and phylogeny, an alternative to current methods

HepatitisCvirus(HCV)is classified into seven major genotypesand67 subtypes. Recent studies haveshownthat inHCVgenotype 1-infected patients, response rates to regimens containingdirect-acting antivirals(DAAs)are subtype dependent. Currently available genotypingmethods have limited subtyping accuracy.Wehave evaluated theperformanceof adeep-sequencing-basedHCVsubtyping assay, developed for the 454/GS-Junior platform, in comparisonwith thoseof two commercial assays (VersantHCVgenotype 2.0andAbbott Real-timeHCVGenotype II)andusingdirectNS5Bsequencing as a gold standard (direct sequencing), in 114 clinical specimenspreviously tested by first-generation hybridization assay (82 genotype 1and32 with uninterpretable results). Phylogenetic analysis of deep-sequencing reads matched subtype 1 callingbypopulation Sanger sequencing(69%1b,31%1a) in 81 specimensandidentified amixed-subtype infection (1b/3a/1a) in one sample. Similarly,amongthe 32previously indeterminate specimens, identical genotypeandsubtype results were obtained by directanddeep sequencing in all but four samples with dual infection. In contrast, both VersantHCVGenotype 2.0andAbbott Real-timeHCVGenotype II failed subtype 1 calling in 13 (16%) samples eachandwere unable to identify theHCVgenotype and/or subtype inmore than half of the nongenotype 1 samples.Weconcluded that deep sequencing ismore efficient forHCVsubtyping than currently available methodsandallows qualitative identificationofmixed infectionsandmay bemorehelpfulwith respect to informing treatment strategies withnewDAA-containing regimens across allHCVsubtypesThis study has been supported by CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial), Spanish Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness (MINECO), IDI-20110115; MINECO projects SAF 2009-10403; and also by the Spanish Ministry of Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS) projects PI10/01505, PI12/01893, and PI13/00456. CIBERehd is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Work at CBMSO was supported by grant MINECO-BFU2011-23604, FIPSE, and Fundación Ramón Areces. X. Forns received unrestricted grant support from Roche and has acted as advisor for MSD, Gilead, and Abbvie. M. Alvarez-Tejado, J. Gregori, and J. M. Muñoz work in Roche Diagnostic