Fundamental modes of swimming correspond to fundamental modes of shape: engineering I-, U-, and S-shaped swimmers

Hydrogels have received increased attention due to their biocompatible material properties, adjustable porosity, ease of functionalization, tuneable shape, and Young's moduli. Initial work has recognized the potential that conferring out‐of‐equilibrium properties to these on the microscale holds and envisions a broad range of biomedical applications. Herein, a simple strategy to integrate multiple swimming modes into catalase‐propelled hydrogel bodies, produced via stop‐flow lithography (SFL), is presented and the different dynamics that result from bubble expulsion are studied. It is found that for “Saturn” filaments, with active poles and an inert midpiece, the fundamental swimming modes correspond to the first three fundamental shape modes that can be obtained by buckling elastic filaments, namely, I, U, and S‐shapes

Fundamental modes of swimming correspond to fundamental modes of shape : engineering I-, U-, and S-shaped swimmers

Hydrogels have received increased attention due to their biocompatible material properties, adjustable porosity, ease of functionalization, tuneable shape, and Young's moduli. Initial work has recognized the potential that conferring out-of-equilibrium properties to these on the microscale holds and envisions a broad range of biomedical applications. Herein, a simple strategy to integrate multiple swimming modes into catalase-propelled hydrogel bodies, produced via stop-flow lithography (SFL), is presented and the different dynamics that result from bubble expulsion are studied. It is found that for “Saturn” filaments, with active poles and an inert midpiece, the fundamental swimming modes correspond to the first three fundamental shape modes that can be obtained by buckling elastic filaments, namely, I, U, and S-shapes

Triterpene Saponins from the Aerial Parts of Trifolium medium L. var. sarosiense

Seven previously unreported triterpene glycosides (1−7) were isolated from methanol extract of the aerial parts of Trifolium medium var. sarosiense (zigzag clover). Their structures were established by the extensive use of 1D and 2D NMR experiments along with ESI-MS and HRMS analyses. Compounds 1−7 are oleanane derivatives characterized by the presence of a keto group at C-22 of an aglycone and a primary alcoholic function at C-24 and differing functions at C-30. Among these, compounds 1−3 and 6 showed a secondary alcoholic function at C-11, which is methoxylated in compounds 4 and 7. Compound 5 was shown to possess a known aglycone, wistariasapogenol A; however, it is described here for the first time as a saponin constituent of the Trifolium genus. Some aspects of taxonomic classification of zigzag clover are also discussed

Isolation and characterization of saponins from cyclamen hederifolium

Bu çalışmada Cyclamen hederifolium türünden sekiz tane glikozid izole edilerek, izole edilen bileşiklerden üç tanesinin yapısı spektral teknikler kullanılarak cyclamin, deglucocyclamin ve cyclaminorin olarak belirlenmiştir

Triterpene saponins from Cyclamen hederifolium

WOS: 000300654300015PubMed ID: 22015253Five triterpene saponins never reported before, hederifoliosides A-E, and four known triterpene saponins were isolated from the tubers of Cyclamen hederifolium. The structures of hederifoliosides A-E were determined as 3 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxy-13 beta,28-epoxyolean-30-oic acid 3-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O]-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside}, 3 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxy-13 beta, 28-epoxyolean-30-oic acid 3-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O]-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 3)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside}, 3 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxy-13 beta, 28-epoxyolean-30-al 3-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O]-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 3)]-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 6)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside}, 30-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O -beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3 beta,16 alpha,30-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-al 3-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O]-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside}, 30-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3 beta,16 alpha,28,30-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en 3-O-{[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O]-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 3)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside}, by a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques, and mass spectrometry. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against a small panel of cancer cell lines including Hela, H-446, HT-29, and U937. None of the tested compounds, in a range of concentrations between 1 and 50 mu M, caused a significant reduction of the cell number. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [110T504]; EBILTEMEge University [2011/BIL/013]; Ege University Research FoundationEge University [2009 Fen 086]This project was supported by TUBITAK (110T504), EBILTEM (2011/BIL/013) and also Ege University Research Foundation (2009 Fen 086)

Highly Polar Triterpenoid Saponins from the Roots of Saponaria officinalis L

Five new triterpenoid saponins, including 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-(4-O-acetyl)-β-d-quinovopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-fucopyranoside (1), 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-O-(6-O-acetyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-(4-O-acetyl)-β-d-quinovopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-fucopyranoside (2), 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-(4-O-acetyl)-β-d-quinovopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-fucopyranoside (3), 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[(4-O-acetyl)-β-d-quinovopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-fucopyranoside (4), 3-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-O-(6-O-acetyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)]-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[(4-O-acetyl)-β-d-quinovopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-fucopyranoside (5) together with two known congeners, saponariosides A (6) and B (7) were isolated from the roots of Saponaria officinalis L. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D- (1H, 13C) and 2D-NMR (DQF-COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and HMBC) experiments, HR-ESI-MS, and acid hydrolysis