Inhibitor binding mode and allosteric regulation of Na+-glucose symporters.

Sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) exploit sodium gradients to transport sugars across the plasma membrane. Due to their role in renal sugar reabsorption, SGLTs are targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Current therapeutics are phlorizin derivatives that contain a sugar moiety bound to an aromatic aglycon tail. Here, we develop structural models of human SGLT1/2 in complex with inhibitors by combining computational and functional studies. Inhibitors bind with the sugar moiety in the sugar pocket and the aglycon tail in the extracellular vestibule. The binding poses corroborate mutagenesis studies and suggest a partial closure of the outer gate upon binding. The models also reveal a putative Na+ binding site in hSGLT1 whose disruption reduces the transport stoichiometry to the value observed in hSGLT2 and increases inhibition by aglycon tails. Our work demonstrates that subtype selectivity arises from Na+-regulated outer gate closure and a variable region in extracellular loop EL5

Human Practice. Digital Ecologies. Our Future. : 14. Internationale Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI 2019) : Tagungsband

Erschienen bei: universi - Universitätsverlag Siegen. - ISBN: 978-3-96182-063-4Aus dem Inhalt: Track 1: Produktion & Cyber-Physische Systeme Requirements and a Meta Model for Exchanging Additive Manufacturing Capacities Service Systems, Smart Service Systems and Cyber- Physical Systems—What’s the difference? Towards a Unified Terminology Developing an Industrial IoT Platform – Trade-off between Horizontal and Vertical Approaches Machine Learning und Complex Event Processing: Effiziente Echtzeitauswertung am Beispiel Smart Factory Sensor retrofit for a coffee machine as condition monitoring and predictive maintenance use case Stakeholder-Analyse zum Einsatz IIoT-basierter Frischeinformationen in der Lebensmittelindustrie Towards a Framework for Predictive Maintenance Strategies in Mechanical Engineering - A Method-Oriented Literature Analysis Development of a matching platform for the requirement-oriented selection of cyber physical systems for SMEs Track 2: Logistic Analytics An Empirical Study of Customers’ Behavioral Intention to Use Ridepooling Services – An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model Modeling Delay Propagation and Transmission in Railway Networks What is the impact of company specific adjustments on the acceptance and diffusion of logistic standards? Robust Route Planning in Intermodal Urban Traffic Track 3: Unternehmensmodellierung & Informationssystemgestaltung (Enterprise Modelling & Information Systems Design) Work System Modeling Method with Different Levels of Specificity and Rigor for Different Stakeholder Purposes Resolving Inconsistencies in Declarative Process Models based on Culpability Measurement Strategic Analysis in the Realm of Enterprise Modeling – On the Example of Blockchain-Based Initiatives for the Electricity Sector Zwischenbetriebliche Integration in der Möbelbranche: Konfigurationen und Einflussfaktoren Novices’ Quality Perceptions and the Acceptance of Process Modeling Grammars Entwicklung einer Definition für Social Business Objects (SBO) zur Modellierung von Unternehmensinformationen Designing a Reference Model for Digital Product Configurators Terminology for Evolving Design Artifacts Business Role-Object Specification: A Language for Behavior-aware Structural Modeling of Business Objects Generating Smart Glasses-based Information Systems with BPMN4SGA: A BPMN Extension for Smart Glasses Applications Using Blockchain in Peer-to-Peer Carsharing to Build Trust in the Sharing Economy Testing in Big Data: An Architecture Pattern for a Development Environment for Innovative, Integrated and Robust Applications Track 4: Lern- und Wissensmanagement (e-Learning and Knowledge Management) eGovernment Competences revisited – A Literature Review on necessary Competences in a Digitalized Public Sector Say Hello to Your New Automated Tutor – A Structured Literature Review on Pedagogical Conversational Agents Teaching the Digital Transformation of Business Processes: Design of a Simulation Game for Information Systems Education Conceptualizing Immersion for Individual Learning in Virtual Reality Designing a Flipped Classroom Course – a Process Model The Influence of Risk-Taking on Knowledge Exchange and Combination Gamified Feedback durch Avatare im Mobile Learning Alexa, Can You Help Me Solve That Problem? - Understanding the Value of Smart Personal Assistants as Tutors for Complex Problem Tasks Track 5: Data Science & Business Analytics Matching with Bundle Preferences: Tradeoff between Fairness and Truthfulness Applied image recognition: guidelines for using deep learning models in practice Yield Prognosis for the Agrarian Management of Vineyards using Deep Learning for Object Counting Reading Between the Lines of Qualitative Data – How to Detect Hidden Structure Based on Codes Online Auctions with Dual-Threshold Algorithms: An Experimental Study and Practical Evaluation Design Features of Non-Financial Reward Programs for Online Reviews: Evaluation based on Google Maps Data Topic Embeddings – A New Approach to Classify Very Short Documents Based on Predefined Topics Leveraging Unstructured Image Data for Product Quality Improvement Decision Support for Real Estate Investors: Improving Real Estate Valuation with 3D City Models and Points of Interest Knowledge Discovery from CVs: A Topic Modeling Procedure Online Product Descriptions – Boost for your Sales? Entscheidungsunterstützung durch historienbasierte Dienstreihenfolgeplanung mit Pattern A Semi-Automated Approach for Generating Online Review Templates Machine Learning goes Measure Management: Leveraging Anomaly Detection and Parts Search to Improve Product-Cost Optimization Bedeutung von Predictive Analytics für den theoretischen Erkenntnisgewinn in der IS-Forschung Track 6: Digitale Transformation und Dienstleistungen Heuristic Theorizing in Software Development: Deriving Design Principles for Smart Glasses-based Systems Mirroring E-service for Brick and Mortar Retail: An Assessment and Survey Taxonomy of Digital Platforms: A Platform Architecture Perspective Value of Star Players in the Digital Age Local Shopping Platforms – Harnessing Locational Advantages for the Digital Transformation of Local Retail Outlets: A Content Analysis A Socio-Technical Approach to Manage Analytics-as-a-Service – Results of an Action Design Research Project Characterizing Approaches to Digital Transformation: Development of a Taxonomy of Digital Units Expectations vs. Reality – Benefits of Smart Services in the Field of Tension between Industry and Science Innovation Networks and Digital Innovation: How Organizations Use Innovation Networks in a Digitized Environment Characterising Social Reading Platforms— A Taxonomy-Based Approach to Structure the Field Less Complex than Expected – What Really Drives IT Consulting Value Modularity Canvas – A Framework for Visualizing Potentials of Service Modularity Towards a Conceptualization of Capabilities for Innovating Business Models in the Industrial Internet of Things A Taxonomy of Barriers to Digital Transformation Ambidexterity in Service Innovation Research: A Systematic Literature Review Design and success factors of an online solution for cross-pillar pension information Track 7: IT-Management und -Strategie A Frugal Support Structure for New Software Implementations in SMEs How to Structure a Company-wide Adoption of Big Data Analytics The Changing Roles of Innovation Actors and Organizational Antecedents in the Digital Age Bewertung des Kundennutzens von Chatbots für den Einsatz im Servicedesk Understanding the Benefits of Agile Software Development in Regulated Environments Are Employees Following the Rules? On the Effectiveness of IT Consumerization Policies Agile and Attached: The Impact of Agile Practices on Agile Team Members’ Affective Organisational Commitment The Complexity Trap – Limits of IT Flexibility for Supporting Organizational Agility in Decentralized Organizations Platform Openness: A Systematic Literature Review and Avenues for Future Research Competence, Fashion and the Case of Blockchain The Digital Platform Otto.de: A Case Study of Growth, Complexity, and Generativity Track 8: eHealth & alternde Gesellschaft Security and Privacy of Personal Health Records in Cloud Computing Environments – An Experimental Exploration of the Impact of Storage Solutions and Data Breaches Patientenintegration durch Pfadsysteme Digitalisierung in der Stressprävention – eine qualitative Interviewstudie zu Nutzenpotenzialen User Dynamics in Mental Health Forums – A Sentiment Analysis Perspective Intent and the Use of Wearables in the Workplace – A Model Development Understanding Patient Pathways in the Context of Integrated Health Care Services - Implications from a Scoping Review Understanding the Habitual Use of Wearable Activity Trackers On the Fit in Fitness Apps: Studying the Interaction of Motivational Affordances and Users’ Goal Orientations in Affecting the Benefits Gained Gamification in Health Behavior Change Support Systems - A Synthesis of Unintended Side Effects Investigating the Influence of Information Incongruity on Trust-Relations within Trilateral Healthcare Settings Track 9: Krisen- und Kontinuitätsmanagement Potentiale von IKT beim Ausfall kritischer Infrastrukturen: Erwartungen, Informationsgewinnung und Mediennutzung der Zivilbevölkerung in Deutschland Fake News Perception in Germany: A Representative Study of People’s Attitudes and Approaches to Counteract Disinformation Analyzing the Potential of Graphical Building Information for Fire Emergency Responses: Findings from a Controlled Experiment Track 10: Human-Computer Interaction Towards a Taxonomy of Platforms for Conversational Agent Design Measuring Service Encounter Satisfaction with Customer Service Chatbots using Sentiment Analysis Self-Tracking and Gamification: Analyzing the Interplay of Motivations, Usage and Motivation Fulfillment Erfolgsfaktoren von Augmented-Reality-Applikationen: Analyse von Nutzerrezensionen mit dem Review-Mining-Verfahren Designing Dynamic Decision Support for Electronic Requirements Negotiations Who is Stressed by Using ICTs? A Qualitative Comparison Analysis with the Big Five Personality Traits to Understand Technostress Walking the Middle Path: How Medium Trade-Off Exposure Leads to Higher Consumer Satisfaction in Recommender Agents Theory-Based Affordances of Utilitarian, Hedonic and Dual-Purposed Technologies: A Literature Review Eliciting Customer Preferences for Shopping Companion Apps: A Service Quality Approach The Role of Early User Participation in Discovering Software – A Case Study from the Context of Smart Glasses The Fluidity of the Self-Concept as a Framework to Explain the Motivation to Play Video Games Heart over Heels? An Empirical Analysis of the Relationship between Emotions and Review Helpfulness for Experience and Credence Goods Track 11: Information Security and Information Privacy Unfolding Concerns about Augmented Reality Technologies: A Qualitative Analysis of User Perceptions To (Psychologically) Own Data is to Protect Data: How Psychological Ownership Determines Protective Behavior in a Work and Private Context Understanding Data Protection Regulations from a Data Management Perspective: A Capability-Based Approach to EU-GDPR On the Difficulties of Incentivizing Online Privacy through Transparency: A Qualitative Survey of the German Health Insurance Market What is Your Selfie Worth? A Field Study on Individuals’ Valuation of Personal Data Justification of Mass Surveillance: A Quantitative Study An Exploratory Study of Risk Perception for Data Disclosure to a Network of Firms Track 12: Umweltinformatik und nachhaltiges Wirtschaften Kommunikationsfäden im Nadelöhr – Fachliche Prozessmodellierung der Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation am Kapitalmarkt Potentiale und Herausforderungen der Materialflusskostenrechnung Computing Incentives for User-Based Relocation in Carsharing Sustainability’s Coming Home: Preliminary Design Principles for the Sustainable Smart District Substitution of hazardous chemical substances using Deep Learning and t-SNE A Hierarchy of DSMLs in Support of Product Life-Cycle Assessment A Survey of Smart Energy Services for Private Households Door-to-Door Mobility Integrators as Keystone Organizations of Smart Ecosystems: Resources and Value Co-Creation – A Literature Review Ein Entscheidungsunterstützungssystem zur ökonomischen Bewertung von Mieterstrom auf Basis der Clusteranalyse Discovering Blockchain for Sustainable Product-Service Systems to enhance the Circular Economy Digitale Rückverfolgbarkeit von Lebensmitteln: Eine verbraucherinformatische Studie Umweltbewusstsein durch audiovisuelles Content Marketing? Eine experimentelle Untersuchung zur Konsumentenbewertung nachhaltiger Smartphones Towards Predictive Energy Management in Information Systems: A Research Proposal A Web Browser-Based Application for Processing and Analyzing Material Flow Models using the MFCA Methodology Track 13: Digital Work - Social, mobile, smart On Conversational Agents in Information Systems Research: Analyzing the Past to Guide Future Work The Potential of Augmented Reality for Improving Occupational First Aid Prevent a Vicious Circle! The Role of Organizational IT-Capability in Attracting IT-affine Applicants Good, Bad, or Both? Conceptualization and Measurement of Ambivalent User Attitudes Towards AI A Case Study on Cross-Hierarchical Communication in Digital Work Environments ‘Show Me Your People Skills’ - Employing CEO Branding for Corporate Reputation Management in Social Media A Multiorganisational Study of the Drivers and Barriers of Enterprise Collaboration Systems-Enabled Change The More the Merrier? The Effect of Size of Core Team Subgroups on Success of Open Source Projects The Impact of Anthropomorphic and Functional Chatbot Design Features in Enterprise Collaboration Systems on User Acceptance Digital Feedback for Digital Work? Affordances and Constraints of a Feedback App at InsurCorp The Effect of Marker-less Augmented Reality on Task and Learning Performance Antecedents for Cyberloafing – A Literature Review Internal Crowd Work as a Source of Empowerment - An Empirical Analysis of the Perception of Employees in a Crowdtesting Project Track 14: Geschäftsmodelle und digitales Unternehmertum Dividing the ICO Jungle: Extracting and Evaluating Design Archetypes Capturing Value from Data: Exploring Factors Influencing Revenue Model Design for Data-Driven Services Understanding the Role of Data for Innovating Business Models: A System Dynamics Perspective Business Model Innovation and Stakeholder: Exploring Mechanisms and Outcomes of Value Creation and Destruction Business Models for Internet of Things Platforms: Empirical Development of a Taxonomy and Archetypes Revitalizing established Industrial Companies: State of the Art and Success Principles of Digital Corporate Incubators When 1+1 is Greater than 2: Concurrence of Additional Digital and Established Business Models within Companies Special Track 1: Student Track Investigating Personalized Price Discrimination of Textile-, Electronics- and General Stores in German Online Retail From Facets to a Universal Definition – An Analysis of IoT Usage in Retail Is the Technostress Creators Inventory Still an Up-To-Date Measurement Instrument? Results of a Large-Scale Interview Study Application of Media Synchronicity Theory to Creative Tasks in Virtual Teams Using the Example of Design Thinking TrustyTweet: An Indicator-based Browser-Plugin to Assist Users in Dealing with Fake News on Twitter Application of Process Mining Techniques to Support Maintenance-Related Objectives How Voice Can Change Customer Satisfaction: A Comparative Analysis between E-Commerce and Voice Commerce Business Process Compliance and Blockchain: How Does the Ethereum Blockchain Address Challenges of Business Process Compliance? Improving Business Model Configuration through a Question-based Approach The Influence of Situational Factors and Gamification on Intrinsic Motivation and Learning Evaluation von ITSM-Tools für Integration und Management von Cloud-Diensten am Beispiel von ServiceNow How Software Promotes the Integration of Sustainability in Business Process Management Criteria Catalog for Industrial IoT Platforms from the Perspective of the Machine Tool Industry Special Track 3: Demos & Prototyping Privacy-friendly User Location Tracking with Smart Devices: The BeaT Prototype Application-oriented robotics in nursing homes Augmented Reality for Set-up Processe Mixed Reality for supporting Remote-Meetings Gamification zur Motivationssteigerung von Werkern bei der Betriebsdatenerfassung Automatically Extracting and Analyzing Customer Needs from Twitter: A “Needmining” Prototype GaNEsHA: Opportunities for Sustainable Transportation in Smart Cities TUCANA: A platform for using local processing power of edge devices for building data-driven services Demonstrator zur Beschreibung und Visualisierung einer kritischen Infrastruktur Entwicklung einer alltagsnahen persuasiven App zur Bewegungsmotivation für ältere Nutzerinnen und Nutzer A browser-based modeling tool for studying the learning of conceptual modeling based on a multi-modal data collection approach Exergames & Dementia: An interactive System for People with Dementia and their Care-Network Workshops Workshop Ethics and Morality in Business Informatics (Workshop Ethik und Moral in der Wirtschaftsinformatik – EMoWI’19) Model-Based Compliance in Information Systems - Foundations, Case Description and Data Set of the MobIS-Challenge for Students and Doctoral Candidates Report of the Workshop on Concepts and Methods of Identifying Digital Potentials in Information Management Control of Systemic Risks in Global Networks - A Grand Challenge to Information Systems Research Die Mitarbeiter von morgen - Kompetenzen künftiger Mitarbeiter im Bereich Business Analytics Digitaler Konsum: Herausforderungen und Chancen der Verbraucherinformati

Strukturelle Untersuchungen am Superkomplex I1III2IV1 der Atmungskette mittels Kryoelektronenmikroskopie

The respiratory chain in the inner membrane of mitochondria consists of five large multi-enzyme complexes. The NADH-dehydrogenase (I), succinate dehydrogenase (II, indirectly), cytochrome c-reductase (III) and cytochrome c-oxidase (IV) utilize the energy from electron transfer to establish a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is subsequently used by the FOF1-ATP synthase (V) as energy source for the phosphorylation of ADP. For a long time there was a controversy, how these proteins are arranged in the membrane. According to the random collision model they diffuse freely as single entities that meet only at random events, whereas in the solid-state model they form larger functional assemblies. In the last years there was growing evidence that the latter model might be the correct one. Indeed, so-called supercomplexes of the respiratory chain could be isolated in an active form. Eventually, in 2007 the first three-dimensional reconstruction by electron microscopy of a supercomplex consisting of complex I, dimeric complex III and complex IV was published. But due to the limits of the used negative stain method this structure was of low resolution and suffered from artifacts like shrinking caused by dehydration. Because of this, the structures of the individual complexes could be only roughly fitted. To circumvent these problems it was necessary to obtain a structure by cryo EM. To obtain the higher yield and protein concentration needed for cryo-EM, a new purification scheme was established. The key steps are the replacement of the digitonin used for the solubilization by Amphipol A8-35 utilizing ?-cyclodextrin and subsequent density gradient ultracentrifugation. In BN-PAGE supercomplexes purified in this way exhibited the same band and activity pattern as samples in digitonin. Also in single particle analysis of a negatively stained sample no structural differences were observed. But beside similar orientations as known from the previous study, some new views were discovered that could not be assigned and maybe represented a contamination with larger supercomplexes. Even by purification in amphipols the protein concentration could not be significantly increased. Furthermore, it was not possible to embed the supercomplexes in vitrified buffer in the holes of holey carbon film as usually required for cryo EM. Instead, the proteins were vitrified in a thin layer of buffer on a continuous carbon support film. As the supercomplexes adopt a limited number of preferred orientations on the carbon film, this was supposed to help distinguish different populations of supercomplexes. A first three-dimensional reconstruction was generated by the random conical tilt approach. This initial model was subsequently refined by projection matching to a resolution of 19 Å, which is almost twice as much as for the previous one from negative stain (36 Å). The structure represents a native state and shows details like individual domains, gaps between domains and a strong curvature of the membrane arm of complex I that were previously not visible. The amphipols form a belt around the trans-membrane region. The X-ray structures of the individual complexes I, III2 and IV were placed into the density map with high precision. The few small differences between the X-ray structures and the EM density map can be attributed to slight changes in conformation. The cryo-EM reconstruction is considerably larger than the reconstruction from negative stain. Therefore there are only few focal contacts between the individual complexes. In the gaps in between a special lipid environment might integrate the small electron carriers ubiquinone and cytochrome c into the supercomplex. Their binding sites are oriented towards each other and the short distances between them that could be determined for the first time, support the hypothesis of a directed substrate transfer over short distances. Of the possible transfer pathways the shorter one with less transfer reactions seems to be preferred. During the development of the new purification protocol for the supercomplexes, additionally, a new method for the reconstitution of membrane proteins was developed. The proteins are centrifuged into a density gradient with increasing concentrations of liposomes at the onset of solubilization and cyclodextrin. During centrifugation the detergent is gradually removed from the solubilized proteins and at the same time replaced by lipid. Proteoliposomes are separated from excess lipid and cyclodextrin-detergent-complexes.Die Atmungskette in der inneren Membran der Mitochondrien besteht aus fünf großen Enzymkomplexen. Die NADH-Dehydrogenase (I), Succinat-Dehydrogenase (II, indirekt), Cytochrom c-Reduktase (III) und Cytochrom c-Oxidase (IV) nutzen die Energie aus Elektronentransfers zum Aufbau eines Protonengradienten über die innere Mitochondrienmembran. Dieser wird anschließend von der FOF1-ATP-Synthase (V) als Energiequelle zur Phospho-rylierung von ADP verwendet. Für lange Zeit bestand eine Kontroverse, wie diese Proteine in der Membran organisiert sind. Nach dem „random collision“-Modell diffundieren sie frei als Einzelmoleküle und treffen sich nur zufällig, während sie nach dem „solid state“-Modell größere funktionelle Einheiten bilden. In den letzten Jahren gab es vermehrt Hinweise darauf, dass das letztere Modell das zutreffendere ist, da tatsächlich sogenannte Superkomplexe der Atmungskette in aktiver Form isoliert werden konnten. Schließlich konnte 2007 die erste drei-dimensionale Rekonstruktion eines Superkomplexes, bestehend aus Komplex I, dimerem Komplex III und Komplex IV publiziert werden. Aufgrund der Einschränkungen der verwendeten Negativkontrasttechnik hatte dieses Modell allerdings nur eine niedrige Auflösung und repräsentierte durch die Dehydrierung keinen nativen Zustand. Dadurch ließen sich die Strukturen der einzelnen Komplexe nur ungenau einpassen. Um diese Probleme zu umgehen, sollte eine Struktur unter Kryo-Bedingungen rekonstruiert werden. Um die für Kryo-EM benötigte größere Ausbeute und höhere Konzentration zu erzielen, wurde ein neues Reinigungsprotokoll für die Superkomplexe etabliert. Die wesentlichen Punkte darin sind der Austausch des für die Solubilisierung verwendeten Digitonins durch Amphipol A8-35 mittels ?-Cyclodextrin und eine anschließende Dichtegradienten-Ultrazentrifugation. Im BN-PAGE zeigten die auf diese Art gereinigten Superkomplexe das gleiche Banden- und Aktivitätsmuster wie Proben in Digitonin. Auch bei einer Einzelpartikelanalyse nach Negativ-kontrastfärbung konnten keine Unterschiede festgestellt werden und die Partikel zeigten ähnliche Orientierungen wie in der vorherigen Studie. Einige neue Ansichten ließen sich jedoch nicht zuordnen und stellten eventuell eine Verunreinigung mit größeren Superkomplexen dar. Da auch bei der Reinigung mit Amphipol die Proteinkonzentration letztlich nicht wesentlich erhöht werden konnte und sich die Superkomplexe nicht wie für Kryo-EM erforderlich in einen löchrigen Kohlefilm einlagerten, wurden die Proteine auf einem durchgehenden Kohlefilm in einer dünnen Pufferschicht vitrifiziert. Die dabei zu beobachtenden bevorzugten Orientierungen, sollten auch die Unterscheidung von verschiedenen Populationen von Superkomplexen erleichtern. Eine erste 3D-Rekonstruktion wurde mit Hilfe der „random conical tilt“-Methode errechnet. Dieses Modell wurde durch „projection matching“ bis zu einer Auflösung von 19 Å verfeinert, womit die Auflösung fast doppelt so hoch ist, wie bei der Rekonstruktion aus Negativ-kontrastfärbung (36 Å). Die Struktur repräsentiert einen natürlichen Zustand des Proteins und zeigt Details wie einzelne Domänen, Spalten zwischen Domänen und eine starke Krümmung des Membranarms von Komplex I, die zuvor nicht erkenn-bar waren. Die Amphipole bilden einen Gürtel um den Transmembranbereich. Die Röntgenstrukturen von Komplex I, III2 und IV konnten mit großer Präzision in die Dichtekarte eingepasst werden. Die wenigen kleinen Unterschiede zwischen Röntgenstrukturen und EM-Dichtekarte sind auf leichte Konformations-änderungen zurückzuführen. Die Kryo-EM-Rekonstruktion ist erheblich größer als die Rekonstruktion aus Negativfärbung, wodurch die enthaltenen Komplexe nur noch wenige punktuelle Kontakte haben. In den Zwischenräumen könnte eine spezielle Lipidumgebung die kleinen Elektronenüberträger Ubichinon und Cytochrom c in den Superkomplex integrieren. Ihre Bindestellen sind jeweils zueinander orientiert und die geringen Abstände, die zum ersten Mal bestimmt werden konnten, stützen die Hypothese eines gerichteten Substrattransfers über kurze Entfernungen. Von den möglichen Übertragungswegen scheint der kürzere mit weniger Transferreaktionen bevorzugt zu werden. Während der Entwicklung des neuen Reinigungsprotokolls für die Superkomplexe konnte zusätzlich eine neue Methode zur Rekonstitution von Membranproteinen entwickelt werden. Die solubilisierten Proteine werden dabei in Dichtegradienten mit steigenden Konzentrationen von ansolubilisierten Liposomen und Cyclodextrin zentrifugiert, wodurch ihnen langsam das Detergens entzogen und durch Lipid ersetzt wird. Proteoliposomen werden gleichzeitig von überschüssigem Lipid und Cyclodextrin-Detergens-Komplexen getrennt

Harnessing photoinduced electron transfer to optically determine protein sub-nanoscale atomic distances.

Proteins possess a complex and dynamic structure, which is influenced by external signals and may change as they perform their biological functions. We present an optical approach, distance-encoding photoinduced electron transfer (DEPET), capable of the simultaneous study of protein structure and function. An alternative to FRET-based methods, DEPET is based on the quenching of small conjugated fluorophores by photoinduced electron transfer: a reaction that requires contact of the excited fluorophore with a suitable electron donor. This property allows DEPET to exhibit exceptional spatial and temporal resolution capabilities in the range pertinent to protein conformational change. We report the first implementation of DEPET on human large-conductance K+ (BK) channels under voltage clamp. We describe conformational rearrangements underpinning BK channel sensitivity to electrical excitation, in conducting channels expressed in living cells. Finally, we validate DEPET in synthetic peptide length standards, to evaluate its accuracy in measuring sub- and near-nanometer intramolecular distances

Harnessing photoinduced electron transfer to optically determine protein sub-nanoscale atomic distances

Proteins possess a complex and dynamic structure, which is influenced by external signals and may change as they perform their biological functions. We present an optical approach, distance-encoding photoinduced electron transfer (DEPET), capable of the simultaneous study of protein structure and function. An alternative to FRET-based methods, DEPET is based on the quenching of small conjugated fluorophores by photoinduced electron transfer: a reaction that requires contact of the excited fluorophore with a suitable electron donor. This property allows DEPET to exhibit exceptional spatial and temporal resolution capabilities in the range pertinent to protein conformational change. We report the first implementation of DEPET on human large-conductance K+ (BK) channels under voltage clamp. We describe conformational rearrangements underpinning BK channel sensitivity to electrical excitation, in conducting channels expressed in living cells. Finally, we validate DEPET in synthetic peptide length standards, to evaluate its accuracy in measuring sub-and near-nanometer intramolecular distances.Funding Agencies|NIH/NINDS [R21NS101734]; NIH/NIGMS Instrument Supplement [R01GM78844]; American Heart Association [14SDG20300018]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation</p