Lateral orbital wall approach to the cavernous sinus: laboratory investigation

Journal ArticleObject. Lesions of the cavernous sinus remain a technical challenge. The most common surgical approaches involve some variation of the standard frontotemporal craniotomy. Here, the authors describe a surgical approach to access the cavernous sinus that involves the removal of the lateral orbital wall. Methods. To achieve exposure of the cavernous sinus, a lateral canthal incision is performed, and the lateral orbital rim and anterior lateral wall are removed, for later replacement at closure. The posterior lateral orbital wall is removed to the region of the superior and inferior orbital fissures. With reflection of the dural covering of the lateral cavernous sinus and removal of the anterior clinoid process, the cavernous sinus is exposed. Results. Exposure and details of the procedure were derived from anatomical study in cadavers. After the approach, with removal of the anterior clinoid process, the entire cavemous sinus from the superior orbital fissure anteriorly to the Meckel cave posteriorly is exposed. More exposure to the lateral middle fossa, foramen spinosum, and petrous carotid artery is obtained by further removal of the lateral sphenoid wing. An illustrative case example for approaching a cavernous sinus meningioma is presented. Conclusions. The translateral orbital wall approach provides a simple, rapid approach for lesions with primary or secondary involvement of the cavernous sinus. Advantages of this simple, extradural approach include the lack of brain retraction and no interruption of the temporalis muscle

Architects and the architectural profession in the Turkish context

This article explores the social construction of the architectural profession in the Turkish context from a historical perspective. It investigates architects' views regarding their roles in society and their positions vis-à-vis their clients and users. The data from in-depth interviews conducted with twenty-four practicing architects demonstrate that both traces of elitism and the tendency to define their professional roles to affect people's lives through their designs have prevailed in architects' beliefs and actions to varying degrees. © 2004 Tahire Erman, Burçak Altay, and Can Altay

Complicated pulmonary interstitial emphysema

A 6-year-old boy with known acute lymphocytic leukemia was referred for radiologic evaluation of his complaints of newly onset cough, high fever, dsypnea and general situation worsening. The patient underwent invasive mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube in the intensive care unit. The patient's symptoms resolved within 7 days of initiating therapy and he was extubated, however left axillary crepitation and left side chest pain began. HRCT examination revealed irregular-shaped air spaces along the medium sized bronchovascular sheaths noted in the apices of both lungs (pulmonary interstitial emphysema) with localised pneumothorax in the left upper thorax and subcutaneous emphysema in the left axillary region additional to the diminished patchy ground-glass opacities (Fig. A, B). Most of these free air spaces were along the bronchovascular sheaths measured less than 1 cm in diameter. Pleural effusion and pneumomediastinum was not present in limited HRCT examination. There was marked clinical improvement at three-weeks follow-up. HRCT (Fig. C) done at the time of the three-weeks follow-up visit showed significant resolution of the pulmonary opacities and free air of the interstitium and subcutaneous tissue

Optimal multi-period consumption and investment with short-sale constraints

Cataloged from PDF version of article.This article examines agents’ consumption-investment problem in a multi-period pure exchange economy where agents are constrained with the short-sale of state-dependent risky contingent claims. In equilibrum, agents hold options written on aggregate consumption in their optimal portfolios. Furthermore, under the specific case of quadratic utility, the optimal risk-sharing rule derived for the pricing agent leads to a multifactor conditional consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM), where excess option returns appear as factors. 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

The impact of different physical processes on the statistics of Lyman-limit and damped Lyman α absorbers

We compute the z = 3 neutral hydrogen column density distribution function f(NHI) for 19 simulations drawn from the Overwhelmingly Large Simulations project using a post-processing correction for self-shielding calculated with full radiative transfer of the ionizing background radiation. We investigate how different physical processes and parameters affect the abundance of Lyman-limit systems (LLSs) and damped Lyman α absorbers including: (i) metal-line cooling; (ii) the efficiency of feedback from supernovae and active galactic nuclei; (iii) the effective equation of state for the interstellar medium; (iv) cosmological parameters; (v) the assumed star formation law and (vi) the timing of hydrogen reionization. We find that the normalization and slope, D=dlog10f/dlog10NHI, of f(NHI) in the LLS regime are robust to changes in these physical processes. Among physically plausible models, f(NHI) varies by less than 0.2 dex and D varies by less than 0.18 for LLSs. This is primarily due to the fact that these uncertain physical processes mostly affect star-forming gas which contributes less than 10 per cent to f(NHI) in the LLS column density range. At higher column densities, variations in f(NHI) become larger (approximately 0.5 dex at f(NHI) = 1022 cm-2 and 1.0 dex at f(NHI) = 1022 cm-2) and molecular hydrogen formation also becomes important. Many of these changes can be explained in the context of self-regulated star formation in which the amount of star-forming gas in a galaxy will adjust such that outflows driven by feedback balance inflows due to accretion. Tools to reproduce all figures in this work can be found at the following url: https://bitbucket.org/galtay/hi-cddf-owls-

Türkiye’de ayakkabı tasarımında kullanılan ölçüler İle Türk insanının antropometrik ayak ölçülerinin karşılaştırılması: 0-3 Yaş bireyler üzerinden bir analiz

Antropometri Yunanca Antropos (insan) ve Metikos (ölçü) sözcüklerinden oluşan ve insan vücudunun ölçülerini konu edinen bir bilim dalıdır. Bu ölçüler; bireyler veya gruplar arasında, anatomi, coğrafi bölge ve meslek grupları gibi çeşitli faktörlerden kaynaklanan farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri saptayarak daha geniş bir insan kitlesine uygun tasarımlar yapma imkânı sağlar. Ürün tasarımı sürecinde, ürün-kullanıcı ilişkisinin temelini oluşturan bu ölçüler kullanılarak toplumsal standartlar oluşturulmuştur. Her toplumun standart olarak belirlediği ölçüler kendine özgüdür. Belirli bir ürün için oluşturulmuş standartlar başka bir toplumda kullanılamaz, kullanıldığı taktirde toplumda biyolojik deformasyonlar görülmesi kaçınılmazdır. Bebeklik dönemi, ayak gelişiminde en önemli dönem olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bebeklerin ayak gelişimlerinin geç tamamlanması ve kemik yapısının oluşmaması bunun en büyük nedenidir. Bu nedenle proje, Türkiye’de yaşayan 0–3 yaş (0-36 ay) arasındaki kız ve erkek çocukları kapsamaktadır. Bu kapsamda ülke istatistiki olarak olasılıklı tabakalı örnekleme yöntemi ile 7 bölgeye ayrılmış, bu bölgeler dahilinde belirlenen illerde yaşayan bireylerden çeşitli antropometrik ölçümler alınmıştır. Elde edilen veriler; ülkemizde kullanılan ve Fransız insanının ayak ölçülerine göre oluşturulmuş “TS 5553 (1988) Paris Point Sistemi” standartları ile karşılaştırılmıştır.The Comparison of Measurements Used In Shoe Design In Turkey With The Anthropometric Foot Measurements Of Turkish People: An Analysis Of 0-3 Years Old Individuals Anthropometry, which is composed of the words Anthropos (human) and Meticos (scale) in Greek and includes the scale of human body, is a discipline of science. These scales provide suitable designs for large mass of people by determining similarities and differences resulted from various factors such as anatomy, geographical area and occupational groups among individuals and groups. Social standards were formed by the use of these scales which establish the base for the relationship between the product and the consumer. Scales which each society determines are specific to that society. Standards which are established for a particular product can’t be used in any other societies; otherwise, it is inevitable to see the biological deformations in society. Babyhood period is regarded as the most important period in the development of foot. Development of baby foot in later years and insufficiency of bone structure are the most important reasons. For this reason, this research includes children who are boys and girls aged between 0 and 3 (0-36 months). The country was statistically divided into seven parts with Stratified Sampling Method in the scope of this research and various anthropometric measurements were taken from individuals who live in selected cities including these regions. Data obtained were compared with “TS 5553 (1988) Paris Point System” standards which are used in our country and formed in a way which is suitable for the foot of French People

Pathological relevance of post-translationally modified alpha-synuclein (pSer87, pSer129, nTyr39) in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and Multiple System Atrophy

Aggregated alpha-synuclein (a-synuclein) is the main component of Lewy bodies (LBs), Lewy neurites (LNs), and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), which are pathological hallmarks of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), respectively. Initiating factors that culminate in forming LBs/LNs/GCIs remain elusive. Several species of a-synuclein exist, including phosphorylated and nitrated forms. It is unclear which a-synuclein post-translational modifications (PTMs) appear within aggregates throughout disease pathology. Herein we aimed to establish the predominant a-synuclein PTMs in post-mortem IPD and MSA pathology using immunohistochemistry. We examined the patterns of three a-synuclein PTMs (pS87, pS129, nY39) simultaneously in pathology- affected regions of 15 PD, 5 MSA, 6 neurologically normal controls. All antibodies recognized LBs, LNs, and GCIs, albeit to a variable extent. pS129 a-synuclein antibody was particularly immunopositive for LNs and synaptic dot-like structures followed by nY39 a- synuclein antibody. GCIs, neuronal inclusions, and small threads were positive for nY39 a- synuclein in MSA. Quantification of the LB scores revealed that pS129 a-synuclein was the dominant and earliest a-synuclein PTM followed by nY39 a-synuclein, while lower amounts of pSer87 a-synuclein appeared later in disease progression in PD. These results may have implications for novel biomarker and therapeutic developments