"Globalizacion: una aproximacion ecofeminista a la novela mexicana contemporanea escrita por mujeres"

[EMBARGOED UNTIL 5/31/2023] La presente disertacion examina la representacion del impacto de la globalizacion y sus efectos daninos en el medio ambiente y la mujer en tres textos literarios escritos por escritoras mexicanas contemporaneas. La mujer que buceo dentro del corazon del mundo (2010) escrita por Sabina Berman, Las mujeres de la tormenta (2012) de la autoria de Celia del Palacio and Solo por ser mujer (2015) obra por Marisol Ceh Moo presentan protagonistas de diversas clases sociales y origenes que elaboran contradiscursos que denuncian problematicas como la discriminacion y el racismo; de modo que, elaboran mecanismos de resistencia para enfrentarse al sistema hegemonico dominante que se refuerza con el avance del capitalismo y la globalizacion. El interes de la investigacion se centra en como las mujeres y la naturaleza estan bajo el mismo patron de subyugacion, de modo que cada protagonista de las narrativas seleccionadas siente la obligacion de mitigar la injusticia y la degradacion ambiental a su alrededor. A partir de la perspectiva ecofeminista se discute como estas escritoras destacan la importancia de que las mujeres asumen la responsabilidad de cambiar positivamente el curso de las politicas ambientales; al mismo tiempo que se deconstruyen las categorias fijas de identidad tradicionalmente asumidas por el genero biologico. Por ultimo, es importante senalar que no obstante que son muchas las ventajas de la globalizacion; es urgente evidenciar la gravedad del impacto negativo de este proceso en la sociedad, sobre todo en la mujer y en la naturaleza.Includes bibliographical references

Severe Respiratory Disease Concurrent with the Circulation of H1N1 Influenza

Background In the spring of 2009, an outbreak of severe pneumonia was reported in conjunction with the concurrent isolation of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV), widely known as swine flu, in Mexico. Influenza A (H1N1) subtype viruses have rarely predominated since the 1957 pandemic. The analysis of epidemic pneumonia in the absence of routine diagnostic tests can provide information about risk factors for severe disease from this virus and prospects for its control. Methods From March 24 to April 29, 2009, a total of 2155 cases of severe pneumonia, involving 821 hospitalizations and 100 deaths, were reported to the Mexican Ministry of Health. During this period, of the 8817 nasopharyngeal specimens that were submitted to the National Epidemiological Reference Laboratory, 2582 were positive for S-OIV. We compared the age distribution of patients who were reported to have severe pneumonia with that during recent influenza epidemics to document an age shift in rates of death and illness. Results During the study period, 87% of deaths and 71% of cases of severe pneumonia involved patients between the ages of 5 and 59 years, as compared with average rates of 17% and 32%, respectively, in that age group during the referent periods. Features of this epidemic were similar to those of past influenza pandemics in that circulation of the new influenza virus was associated with an off-season wave of disease affecting a younger population. Conclusions During the early phase of this influenza pandemic, there was a sudden increase in the rate of severe pneumonia and a shift in the age distribution of patients with such illness, which was reminiscent of past pandemics and suggested relative protection for persons who were exposed to H1N1 strains during childhood before the 1957 pandemic. If resources or vaccine supplies are limited, these findings suggest a rationale for focusing prevention efforts on younger populations

Scientific evidence for the control of antimicrobial resistance

[Extract]. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest global threats to human health. It is estimated that by 2050, AMR will lead to approximately 10 million annual deaths worldwide. Considering the impact of AMR on reproductive capacity and food production, in addition to its direct effect on infected people, the world's population could drop by between 11 and 444 million inhabitants by 2050 if AMR control is not achieved. As migrations and shared economies lead to the transmission of resistant bacteria across borders, the impacts of AMR become regionally significant. In the United States, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus caused 10 600 deaths in 2017. In Latin American and Caribbean countries, information is available from studies conducted in hospitals and other health facilities on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. In many hospitals in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia, for example, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli isolates is reaching almost 60%. Moreover, the dynamics of colonization and infection of multidrug-resistant organisms (such as carbapenemaseproducing Klebsiella pneumoniae) are unique in endemic areas of Latin America, favoring spread and dissemination. [...

Epidemiología molecular de infección nosocomial por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido.

Molecular epidemiology applied to the study of nosocomial infection has been fundamental in formulating and evaluating control methods. From patients in a level 3 Bogota hospital, Klebsiella pneumoniae samples were isolated that produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Each of 15 isolates was characterized microbiologically and by molecular characters realized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by repetitive-DNA sequences amplification (REP-PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility and ESBL production was determined in accordance with NCCLS guidelines. The beta-lactamases were evaluated by isoelectric-focusing and PCR. Twelve (80%) of the isolates were associated with nosocomial infection; 11 of them were from intensive care units. The antibiotic susceptibility displayed 13 resistance patterns--87% presented co-resistance to amikacin, 53% to gentamicin, 33% to ciprofloxacin, 40% to cefepime, 67% to piperacillin/tazobactam, 60% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 47% to chloranphenicol. All were sensitive to imipenem. Production of TEM and SHV beta-lactamases was detected simultaneously in most isolates by isoelectric focusing and 93.3% produced a ceftazidimase of pl 8.2 of the SHV-5 type. The 15 isolates were grouped into 11 and 12 electrophoretic patterns by PFGE and REP-PCR, respectively. The degree of genetic variability indicated an endogenous origin of the nosocomial infections.La epidemiología molecular aplicada al estudio de las infecciones nosocomiales ha sido fundamental para la formulación y la evaluación de las medidas de control; con este fin, se caracterizaron microbiológica y molecularmente aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae productores de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) obtenidos de pacientes en un hospital de tercer nivel de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Se tipificaron quince aislamientos por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE) y por amplificación de secuencias de ADN repetidas (REP-PCR). La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y la producción de BLEE se determinaron de acuerdo con las normas de NCCLS. Las beta-lactamasas se evaluaron por isoelectroenfoque y PCR. El 80% de estos aislamientos se asociaron con infección nosocomial y de éstos, el 91,7% provenía de unidades de cuidado intensivo. La susceptibilidad antibiótica mostró 13 patrones de resistencia; 87% de los aislamientos presentó corresistencia a amikacina, 53% a gentamicina, 33,3% a ciprofloxacina, 40% a cefepime, 66,7% a piperacilina/tazobactam, 60% trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol y 46,7% a cloranfenicol. Todos fueron sensibles a imipenem. En la mayoría de los aislamientos se detectó producción simultánea de beta-lactamasas del tipo TEM y SHV y el 93,3% produjo ceftazidimasa de pI 8.2 del tipo SHV-5. Los 15 aislamientos fueron agrupados por PFGE y REP-PCR en 11 y 12 patrones electroforéticos, respectivamente. Esta variabilidad genética está relacionada con infecciones nosocomiales de origen endógeno más que por infecciones cruzadas

Cytoplasmic flagellin activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1β via Ipaf

Macrophages respond to Salmonella typhimurium infection via Ipaf, a NACHT–leucine-rich repeat family member that activates caspase-1 and secretion of interleukin 1β. However, the specific microbial salmonella-derived agonist responsible for activating Ipaf is unknown. We show here that cytosolic bacterial flagellin activated caspase-1 through Ipaf but was independent of Toll-like receptor 5, a known flagellin sensor. Stimulation of the Ipaf pathway in macrophages after infection required a functional salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system but not the flagellar type III secretion system; furthermore, Ipaf activation could be recapitulated by the introduction of purified flagellin directly into the cytoplasm. These observations raise the possibility that the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system cannot completely exclude 'promiscuous' secretion of flagellin and that the host capitalizes on this 'error' by activating a potent host-defense pathway

Partial protection of seasonal trivalent inactivated vaccine against novel pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009: case-control study in Mexico City

Objective To evaluate the association of 2008-9 seasonal trivalent inactivated vaccine with cases of influenza A/H1N1 during the epidemic in Mexico

Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Mexico

During May 2009–April 2010, we analyzed 692 samples of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus from patients in Mexico. We detected the H275Y substitution of the neuraminidase gene in a specimen from an infant with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 who was treated with oseltamivir. This virus was susceptible to zanamivir and resistant to adamantanes and oseltamivir

Respiratory viruses detected in Mexican children younger than 5 years old with community-acquired pneumonia: a national multicenter study

Background: Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. Pneumonia accounts for 16% of all deaths of children under 5 years of age and was the cause of death of 935 000 children in 2015. Despite its frequency and severity, information regarding its etiology is limited. The aim of this study was to identify respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children younger than 5 years old. Methods: One thousand four hundred and four children younger than 5 years of age with a clinical and/or radiological diagnosis of CAP in 11 hospitals in Mexico were included. Nasal washes were collected, placed in viral medium, and frozen at �70 C until processing. The first 832 samples were processed using the multiplex Bio-Plex/Luminex system and the remaining 572 samples using the Anyplex multiplex RT-PCR. Clinical data regarding diagnosis, clinical signs and symptoms, radiographic pattern, and risk factors were obtained and recorded. Results: Of the samples tested, 81.6% were positive for viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (types A and B) was found in 23.7%, human enterovirus/rhinovirus in 16.6%, metapneumovirus in 5.7%, parainfluenza virus (types 1–4) in 5.5%, influenza virus (types A and B) in 3.6%, adenovirus in 2.2%, coronavirus (NL63, OC43, 229E, and HKU1) in 2.2%, and bocavirus in 0.4%. Co-infection with two or more viruses was present in 22.1%; 18.4% of the samples were negative. Using biomass for cooking, daycare attendance, absence of breastfeeding, and co-infections were found to be statistically significant risk factors for the presence of severe pneumonia. Conclusions: Respiratory syncytial virus (types A and B), human enterovirus/rhinovirus, and metapneumovirus were the respiratory viruses identified most frequently in children younger than 5 years old with CAP. Co-infection was present in an important proportion of the children

Chikungunya Virus as Cause of Febrile Illness Outbreak, Chiapas, Mexico, 2014

Since chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was introduced into the Americas in 2013, its geographic distribution has rapidly expanded. Of 119 serum samples collected in 2014 from febrile patients in southern Mexico, 79% were positive for CHIKV or IgM against CHIKV. Sequencing results confirmed CHIKV strains closely related to Caribbean isolates