Optimal concentration of organic solvents to be used in the broth microdilution method to determine the antimicrobial activity of natural products against Paenibacillus larvae

American Foulbrood (AFB) is a bacterial disease, caused by Paenibacillus larvae, that affects honeybees (Apis mellifera). Alternative strategies to control AFB are based on the treatment of the beehives with antimicrobial natural substances such as extracts, essential oils and/or pure compounds from plants, honey by-products, bacteria and moulds. The broth microdilution method is currently one of the most widely used methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a substance. In this regard, the fact that most natural products, due to their lipophilic nature, must be dissolved in organic solvents or their aqueous mixtures is an issue of major concern because the organic solvent becomes part of the dilution in the incubation medium, and therefore, can interfere with bacterial viability depending on its nature and concentration. A systematic study was carried out to determine by the broth microdilution method the MIC and the maximum non inhibitory concentration (MNIC) against P. larvae of the most common organic solvents used to extract or dissolve natural products, i.e. ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, n-butanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and acidified hydromethanolic solutions. From the MIC and MNIC for each organic solvent, recommended maximum concentrations in contact with P. larvae were established: DMSO 5% (v/v), acetonitrile 7.5% (v/v), ethanol 7.5% (v/v), methanol 12% (v/v), n-butanol 1% (v/v), and methanol-water-acetic acid (1.25:98.71:0.04, v/v/v).Fil: Cugnata, Noelia Melina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Guaspari, Elisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Pellegrini, María Celeste. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Fuselli, Sandra Rosa. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Alonso Salces, Rosa Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; Argentin

Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Diachronic English for Specific Purposes

Historical linguistics has been in constant rebirth and innovation to conform to new advances in the way texts are methodologically addressed. These methods of study have given way to several interdisciplinary focuses, which include the disciplines of historical sociolinguistics (Milroy, 1991; Conde-Silvestre, 2007), historical pragmatics (Jucker, 1995) or diachronic pragmatics (Arnovick, 1999), historical discourse analysis (Brinton, 2001; Berkenkotter, 2009; Navarro, 2008), and historical sociopragmatics (Culpeper, 2009). In this context, we have to mention the groundbreaking work on dialogue analysis by Jucker, Fritz and Lebsanft (1999), and the volume on historical speech acts by Jucker and Taavitsainen (2008). These two books represented an advance in the way both written and spoken discourse should be addressed at from a historical dimension. Historical pragmatics has proven to be the most fruitful discipline of all and, since the foundation of the Journal of Historical Pragmatics by Jucker in 2000 (John Benjamins), it seems to be constantly increasing.

PROCESOS DE SEPARACIÓN

GUÍA PEDAGÓGIC

Family-specific degenerate primer design: a tool to design consensus degenerated oligonucleotides

Designing degenerate PCR primers for templates of unknown nucleotide sequence may be a very difficult task. In this paper, we present a new method to design degenerate primers, implemented in family-specific degenerate primer design (FAS-DPD) computer software, for which the starting point is a multiple alignment of related amino acids or nucleotide sequences. To assess their efficiency, four different genome collections were used, covering a wide range of genomic lengths: Arenavirus ( nucleotides), Baculovirus ( to  bp), Lactobacillus sp. ( to  bp), and Pseudomonas sp. ( to  bp). In each case, FAS-DPD designed primers were tested computationally to measure specificity. Designed primers for Arenavirus and Baculovirus were tested experimentally. The method presented here is useful for designing degenerate primers on collections of related protein sequences, allowing detection of new family members.Fil: Iserte, Javier Alonso. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular y Celular. Área de Virosis Emergentes y Zoonótica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Stephan, Betina Inés. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular y Celular. Área de Virosis Emergentes y Zoonótica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Goñi, Sandra Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular y Celular. Área de Virosis Emergentes y Zoonótica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Borio, Cristina Silvia. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular y Celular. Área de Virosis Emergentes y Zoonótica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ghiringhelli, Pablo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular y Celular. Área Virus de Insectos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lozano, Mario Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular y Celular. Área de Virosis Emergentes y Zoonótica; Argentin

La participación política de la mujer en los Órganos de Dirección de la Universidad de El Salvador.

Historia de la participación política de la mujer – Marco Jurídico Nacional e Internacional que regula la participación política de la mujer – Participación política de la muejer en la Universidad de El Salvador

Transducers based on networks of evolutionary processors LOS FINANCIADORES NO ESTÁN BIEN

We consider a new type of transducer that does not scan sequentially the input word. Instead, it consists of a directed graph whose nodes are processors which work in parallel and are specialized in just one type of a very simple evolutionary operation: inserting, deleting or substituting a symbol by another one. The computation on an input word starts with this word placed in a designated node, the input node, of the network an alternates evolutionary and communication steps. The computation halts as soon as another designated node, the output node, is nonempty. The translation of the input word is the set of words existing in the output node when the computation halts. We prove that these transducers can simulate the work of generalized sequential machines on every input. Furthermore, all words obtained by a given generalized sequential machine by the shortest computations on a given word can also be computed by the new transducers. Unlike the case of generalized sequential machines, every recursively enumerable language can be the transduction de?ned by the new transducer of a very simple regular language. The same idea may be used for proving that these transducers can simulate the shortest computations of an arbitrary Turing machine, used as a transducer, on every input word. Finally, we consider a restricted variant of NEP transducer, namely pure NEP transducers and prove that there are still regular languages whose pure NEP transductions are not semilinear

Estratégias para ativar a inclusão

O presente relatório tem como objetivo mostrar uma realidade das escolas que afeta o desenvolvimento cognitivo e pessoal de uma criança, assim como o ritmo de uma sala de aula, apresentando dois casos reais de alunos com dificuldades de aprendizagens inseridos numa turma de 1ºano do 1ºciclo do ensino básico com vinte e cinco colegas. Como suporte à prática desenvolvida, realizei uma investigação teórica-fundamentada em autores que abordaram o desenvolvimento de uma criança e a importância da escola e família para ela. Na prática, comecei por observar e avaliar as crianças através de tarefas e jogos, para compreender que áreas necessitariam de ser desenvolvidas, seguindo para uma elaboração de um conjunto de atividades que em simultâneo com o adulto iriam realizar. Esta interação entre adulto e criança será fundamental para entender e promover o diálogo das suas vivências dentro e fora da escola. Para que todo o conteúdo apresentado seja significante, serão expostas algumas das atividades mais significativas que levaram a uma conclusão onde se reflete os objetivos que foram alcançados. Pois, ao longo do período da prática pedagógica, foi possível, através de estratégias de constante avaliação, verificar os progressos nas aprendizagens

Programa para la formación y actualización ético-profesional del árbitro deportivo

The objective of the research was to design a program to train sports referees ethically and professionally, when facing the problem of how to favor the professional efficiency of the sporting referees of the Sagua de Tánamo municipality. The main methods used were analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction, observation, survey, interview and nominal group technique. In assessing relevance, the main result is that the content of the program corresponds to the needs of the trained arbitrators and the weaknesses of the process. As a most important conclusion, it is assumed that the program by its content is relevant to incorporate it into the process of training and ethical updating of the sports referee.La investigación tuvo como objetivo diseñar un programa para formar ética y profesionalmente árbitros deportivos, al enfrentar el problema de cómo favorecer la eficiencia profesional de los árbitros deportivos del municipio Sagua de Tánamo. Los principales métodos utilizados fueron análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción, observación, encuesta, entrevista y técnica grupo nominal. Al evaluar la pertinencia se alcanza como resultado principal que el contenido del programa se corresponde con las necesidades de los árbitros formados y las debilidades del proceso. Como conclusión más importante, se asume que el programa por su contenido es pertinente para incorporarlo al proceso de formación y actualización ética del árbitro deportivo