AVALIAÇÃO DE HABILIDADES PRÉ-ARITMÉTICAS POR MEIO DE UMA BATERIA DE TESTES

Habilidades pré-aritméticas são um conjunto de repertórios tidos como pré-requisito à aquisição de habilidades matemáticas complexas. Estudos em análise experimental do comportamento têm apresentado bons resultados em avaliação e ensino de habilidades matemáticas básicas para indivíduos com desenvolvimento típico e para pessoas com dificuldades de aprendizagem ou deficiência mental. No entanto, cada estudo propõe tarefas diferentes para avaliar repertórios matemáticos, e parte desses não avalia as habilidades pré-aritméticas. O presente estudo objetivou desenvolver um instrumento de avaliação que contemple habilidades pré-aritméticas apontadas como relevantes por Carmo (2003) e Prado e de Rose (1999) em crianças das primeiras sérias do Ensino Fundamental: contagem de elementos de um conjunto; seriação e ordenação de algarismos; comparação de conjuntos e algarismos; noções qualitativas (maior, menor, antes, depois, igual). Participaram três crianças do Ensino Fundamental da rede municipal de ensino de São Carlos/SP. Aplicou-se uma bateria com 10 tarefas que envolveram as habilidades de sequenciação de numerais, classificação de figuras, conjuntos e numerais (com e sem modelo impresso), igualdade entre numerais e entre conjuntos, contagem e ordenação crescente de numerais. O procedimento foi o emparelhamento ao modelo. P1 teve o maior desempenho médio (96,8%) e P3, o menor (73,7%). Tarefas que exigiam produção de sequências com ou sem discriminação de quantidade representaram maior dificuldade para os participantes. O procedimento mostrou-se eficaz para a descrição do repertório inicial dos participantes. Contudo, há necessidade de inclusão de novas relações, tais como nomeação de algarismos, ordenação decrescente, estimativas etc.Palavras-chave: comportamento matemático, habilidades numéricas, avaliação de repertório, séries iniciais, crianças.Habilidades pré-aritméticas são um conjunto de repertórios tidos como pré-requisito à aquisição de habilidades matemáticas complexas. Estudos em análise experimental do comportamento têm apresentado bons resultados em avaliação e ensino de habilidades matemáticas básicas para indivíduos com desenvolvimento típico e para pessoas com dificuldades de aprendizagem ou deficiência mental. No entanto, cada estudo propõe tarefas diferentes para avaliar repertórios matemáticos, e parte desses não avalia as habilidades pré-aritméticas. O presente estudo objetivou desenvolver um instrumento de avaliação que contemple habilidades pré-aritméticas apontadas como relevantes por Carmo (2003) e Prado e de Rose (1999) em crianças das primeiras sérias do Ensino Fundamental: contagem de elementos de um conjunto; seriação e ordenação de algarismos; comparação de conjuntos e algarismos; noções qualitativas (maior, menor, antes, depois, igual). Participaram três crianças do Ensino Fundamental da rede municipal de ensino de São Carlos/SP. Aplicou-se uma bateria com 10 tarefas que envolveram as habilidades de sequenciação de numerais, classificação de figuras, conjuntos e numerais (com e sem modelo impresso), igualdade entre numerais e entre conjuntos, contagem e ordenação crescente de numerais. O procedimento foi o emparelhamento ao modelo. P1 teve o maior desempenho médio (96,8%) e P3, o menor (73,7%). Tarefas que exigiam produção de sequências com ou sem discriminação de quantidade representaram maior dificuldade para os participantes. O procedimento mostrou-se eficaz para a descrição do repertório inicial dos participantes. Contudo, há necessidade de inclusão de novas relações, tais como nomeação de algarismos, ordenação decrescente, estimativas etc. Palavras-chave: comportamento matemático, habilidades numéricas, avaliação de repertório, séries iniciais, crianças

Does the Medical Student Performance Evaluation Change the Decision to Invite Residency Applicants?

Introduction: Although emergency medicine (EM) residency program directors (PD) have multiple sources to evaluate each applicant, some programs await the release of the medical student performance evaluation (MSPE) to extend interview offers. While prior studies have demonstrated that MSPE content is variable and selectively positive, no prior work has evaluated the impact of the MSPE on the likelihood to invite (LTI) applicants for a residency interview. This study aimed to evaluate how information in the MSPE impacted LTI, with the hypothesis that changes in LTI would be relatively rare based on MSPE review alone. Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study analyzing applications to three EM residency programs during the 2019-2020 match cycle. Reviewers assessed applications and rated the LTI on a five-point Likert scale where LTI was defined as follows: 1 = definitely no; 2 = probably no; 3 = unsure; 4 = probably yes; and 5 = definitely yes. The LTI was recorded before and after MSPE review. A change in LTI was considered meaningful when it changed the overall trajectory of the applicant’s likelihood to receive an invitation to interview. Results: We reviewed a total of 877 applications with the LTI changing ≥1 point on the Likert scale 160 (18.2%) times. The LTI was meaningfully impacted in a minority of applications – 48 total (5.5 %, p\u3c 0.01) – with only 1 (0.11%) application changing from 1 or 2 (definitely/probably no) to 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes) and 34 (3.8%) changing from 3 (unsure) to 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes). Thirteen (1.5%) applications changed from 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes) to 3 (unsure or probably/definitely no). Conclusion: Review of the MSPE resulted in a meaningful change in LTI in only 5.5% of applications. Given the time required for program leadership to review all parts of the variably formatted MSPEs, this finding supports a more efficient application review, where the PD’s focus is on succinct and objective aspects of the application, such as the Standardized Letter of Evaluation

Does the Medical Student Performance Evaluation Change the Decision to Invite Residency Applicants?

Introduction: Although emergency medicine (EM) residency program directors (PD) have multiple sources to evaluate each applicant, some programs await the release of the medical student performance evaluation (MSPE) to extend interview offers. While prior studies have demonstrated that MSPE content is variable and selectively positive, no prior work has evaluated the impact of the MSPE on the likelihood to invite (LTI) applicants for a residency interview. This study aimed to evaluate how information in the MSPE impacted LTI, with the hypothesis that changes in LTI would be relatively rare based on MSPE review alone.  Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study analyzing applications to three EM residency programs during the 2019-2020 match cycle. Reviewers assessed applications and rated the LTI on a five-point Likert scale where LTI was defined as follows: 1 = definitely no; 2 = probably no; 3 = unsure; 4 = probably yes; and 5 = definitely yes. The LTI was recorded before and after MSPE review. A change in LTI was considered meaningful when it changed the overall trajectory of the applicant’s likelihood to receive an invitation to interview.  Results: We reviewed a total of 877 applications with the LTI changing ≥1 point on the Likert scale 160 (18.2%) times. The LTI was meaningfully impacted in a minority of applications – 48 total            (5.5 %, p< 0.01) – with only 1 (0.11%) application changing from 1 or 2 (definitely/probably no) to 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes) and 34 (3.8%) changing from 3 (unsure) to 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes). Thirteen (1.5%) applications changed from 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes) to 3 (unsure or probably/definitely no). Conclusion: Review of the MSPE resulted in a meaningful change in LTI in only 5.5% of applications. Given the time required for program leadership to review all parts of the variably formatted MSPEs, this finding supports a more efficient application review, where the PD’s focus is on succinct and objective aspects of the application, such as the Standardized Letter of Evaluation

Does the Medical Student Performance Evaluation Change the Decision to Invite Residency Applicants?

Introduction: Although emergency medicine (EM) residency program directors (PD) have multiple sources to evaluate each applicant, some programs await the release of the medical student performance evaluation (MSPE) to extend interview offers. While prior studies have demonstrated that MSPE content is variable and selectively positive, no prior work has evaluated the impact of the MSPE on the likelihood to invite (LTI) applicants for a residency interview. This study aimed to evaluate how information in the MSPE impacted LTI, with the hypothesis that changes in LTI would be relatively rare based on MSPE review alone.  Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study analyzing applications to three EM residency programs during the 2019-2020 match cycle. Reviewers assessed applications and rated the LTI on a five-point Likert scale where LTI was defined as follows: 1 = definitely no; 2 = probably no; 3 = unsure; 4 = probably yes; and 5 = definitely yes. The LTI was recorded before and after MSPE review. A change in LTI was considered meaningful when it changed the overall trajectory of the applicant’s likelihood to receive an invitation to interview.  Results: We reviewed a total of 877 applications with the LTI changing ≥1 point on the Likert scale 160 (18.2%) times. The LTI was meaningfully impacted in a minority of applications – 48 total            (5.5 %, p< 0.01) – with only 1 (0.11%) application changing from 1 or 2 (definitely/probably no) to 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes) and 34 (3.8%) changing from 3 (unsure) to 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes). Thirteen (1.5%) applications changed from 4 or 5 (probably/definitely yes) to 3 (unsure or probably/definitely no). Conclusion: Review of the MSPE resulted in a meaningful change in LTI in only 5.5% of applications. Given the time required for program leadership to review all parts of the variably formatted MSPEs, this finding supports a more efficient application review, where the PD’s focus is on succinct and objective aspects of the application, such as the Standardized Letter of Evaluation

The Taste of Happiness: Free-Range Chicken

Happiness is an elusive concept, it brings about ideas of ecstasy, contentment, delight but also health and strength, pouvoir and puissance ... a state of mind and body that is precarious and contingent. How to give form and substance to an idea that is otherwise difficult to conceive? What is happiness for a chicken? What is it like to be a chicken today? Free-range certification offers a powerful interpretation of animals' happiness in the context of farming, and it does so by providing a particular translation of the 'natural' in the domesticated environment of farming. But it also offers a specific definition of materiality, in the form of the body of the animal, presented as an expression of her/his quality of life in the juiciness and other organoleptic qualities of her/his flesh or eggs. In this paper, I present the results of an on-farm assessment of the welfare of free-range chickens in the UK, carried out by adopting the Welfare Quality® protocol. This is a new evaluation of the on-farm welfare of animals that encompasses many aspects of animals' lives, including animals' negative and positive emotions. It suggests that animals' 'happiness' can be measured and can become part of an overall score of welfare, but it also addresses the complexities of the interpretation of the emotional states of animals. I propose that this case contributes to the debate on 'material politics' and the invention of animals' happiness can be seen as a political technique that affects human–non-human animal relations

Diagnostic yield of next-generation sequencing in very early-onset inflammatory bowel diseases: a multicenter study

An expanding number of monogenic defects have been identified as causative of severe forms of very early-onset inflammatory bowel diseases (VEO-IBD). The present study aimed at defining how next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods can be used to improve identification of known molecular diagnosis and adapt treatment.207 children were recruited in 45 Paediatric centres through an international collaborative network (ESPGHAN GENIUS working group) with a clinical presentation of severe VEO-IBD (n=185) or an anamnesis suggestive of a monogenic disorder (n=22). Patients were divided at inclusion into three phenotypic subsets: predominantly small bowel inflammation, colitis with perianal lesions, and colitis only. Methods to obtain molecular diagnosis included functional tests followed by specific Sanger sequencing, custom-made targeted NGS, and in selected cases whole exome sequencing (WES) of parents-child trios. Genetic findings were validated clinically and/or functionally.Molecular diagnosis was achieved in 66/207 children (32%): 61% with small bowel inflammation, 39% with colitis and perianal lesions and 18% with colitis only. Targeted NGS pinpointed gene mutations causative of atypical presentations and identified large exonic copy number variations previously missed by WES.Our results lead us to propose an optimised diagnostic strategy to identify known monogenic causes of severe IBD

The Incidence and Characteristics of Venous Thromboembolisms in Paediatric-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective International Cohort Study Based on the PIBD-SETQuality Safety Registry

Background and Aims: Guidelines regarding thromboprophylaxis for venous thromboembolisms [VTEs] in children with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] are based on limited paediatric evidence. We aimed to prospectively assess the incidence of VTEs in paediatric-onset IBD [PIBD], characterize PIBD patients with a VTE and identify potential IBD-related risk factors. Methods: From October 2016 to September 2020, paediatric gastroenterologists prospectively replied to the international Safety Registry, monthly indicating whether they had observed a VTE case in a patient <19 years with IBD. IBD details [type, Paris classification, clinical and biochemical disease activity, treatment] and VTE details [type, location, treatment, outcome] were collected. To estimate VTE incidence, participants annually reported the number of PIBD patients, data source and catchment area of their centre. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed to calculate the VTE incidence in the general paediatric population. Results: Participation of 129 PIBD centres resulted in coverage of 24 802 PIBD patients. Twenty cases of VTE were identified [30% Crohn's disease]. The incidence of VTEs was 3.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.27-5.74) per 10 000 person-years, 14-fold higher than in the general paediatric population (0.27 [95% CI 0.18-0.38], p < 0.001). Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis was most frequently reported [50%]. All but one patient had active IBD, 45% were using steroids and 45% were hospitalized. No patient received thromboprophylaxis, whereas according to current PIBD guidelines, this was recommended in 4/20 patients. Conclusion: There is an increased risk of VTEs in the PIBD population compared to the general paediatric population. Awareness of VTE occurrence and prevention should be extended to all PIBD patients with active disease, especially those hospitalized

Corrigendum to: Diagnostic Yield of Next-Generation Sequencing in Very Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Multicenter Study

International audienc