Global analytic hypoellipticity for a class of evolution operators on T1×S3\mathbb{T}^1\times\mathbb{S}^3

In this paper, we present necessary and sufficient conditions to have global analytic hypoellipticity for a class of first-order operators defined on $\mathbb{T}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^3$. In the case of real-valued coefficients, we prove that an operator in this class is conjugated to a constant-coefficient operator satisfying a Diophantine condition, and that such conjugation preserves the global analytic hypoellipticity. In the case where the imaginary part of the coefficients is non-zero, we show that the operator is globally analytic hypoelliptic if the Nirenberg-Treves condition ($\mathcal{P}$) holds, in addition to a Diophantine condition.Comment: 24 page

Current Techniques for the Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum for the Production of Biomass, Ganoderic Acid and Polysaccharides

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that has been used in the Orient for more than 2000 years. Due to the long time required for basidiocarp formation, attention has recently been given to the use of submerged fermentation for the production of mycelial biomass and its bioactive components, such as polysaccharides and ganoderic acids. We review the current state of knowledge about the cultivation of G. lucidum by modern fermentation techniques, focussing on the effects of fermentation conditions and how knowledge of these effects has been used to develop strategies for improving the production of biomass, polysaccharides and ganoderic acid. We also outline the methods that have been used for biomass and product recovery and point out potential problems involved in these steps. Studies to date have been almost entirely limited to laboratory scale and much more understanding of the physiology of G. lucidum and its relationship with growth morphology will be necessary before it will be possible to develop economical large scale processes

Current Techniques for the Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum for the Production of Biomass, Ganoderic Acid and Polysaccharides

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that has been used in the Orient for more than 2000 years. Due to the long time required for basidiocarp formation, attention has recently been given to the use of submerged fermentation for the production of mycelial biomass and its bioactive components, such as polysaccharides and ganoderic acids. We review the current state of knowledge about the cultivation of G. lucidum by modern fermentation techniques, focussing on the effects of fermentation conditions and how knowledge of these effects has been used to develop strategies for improving the production of biomass, polysaccharides and ganoderic acid. We also outline the methods that have been used for biomass and product recovery and point out potential problems involved in these steps. Studies to date have been almost entirely limited to laboratory scale and much more understanding of the physiology of G. lucidum and its relationship with growth morphology will be necessary before it will be possible to develop economical large scale processes

A avidez de anticorpos específicos anti-toxoplasma da classe IgG e sua utilização na diferenciação entre toxoplasmose recente e crônica em caprinos

Foi avaliada a avidez de anticorpos IgG como marcador sorológico de infecção recente e crônica pelo Toxoplasma gondii, através da dissociação do complexo antígeno-anticorpo com uréia. A avaliação foi realizada medindo-se a percentagem de queda (%Q) da absorbância, pelo ELISA, após a lavagem do complexo Ag - Ac formado com solução de uréia. Ficou determinado que a concentração dc uréia 9 Molar (M) foi a que melhor diferenciou infecções recentes e crônicas de cabras experimentalmente infectadas com Toxoplasma gondii, e que a %Q da absorbância decresce com o tempo de infecção do animal, tornando-se estável em torno do 100º. dia após a inoculação. Em um grupo de 116 amostras de soro, coletadas de caprinos naturalmente infectados, foram demonstrados perfis característicos de toxoplasmose recente, crônica ou em fase de transição. Os perfis foram previamente determinados pela avaliação da evolução dos níveis de anticorpos IgG pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Os animais caracterizados como portadores de toxoplasmose crônica apresentaram uma %Q da absorbância de 26,32 ± 10,84. Para toxoplasmose recente a %Q da absorbância observada foi de 77,61 ± 13,89 e para o perfil de transição, 46,22 ± 11,94

Basil conservation affected by cropping season, harvest time and storage period

O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é empregado tanto na indústria culinária quanto fitoterápica e na medicina tradicional, devido ao teor e composição de seu óleo essencial. No entanto, o manjericão não pode ser conservado por longo período após a colheita e sua qualidade pode ser prejudicada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência da época e do horário de colheita sobre a conservação de manjericão armazenado por diferentes períodos. O manjericão foi colhido às 8h e às 16h em agosto/1999 e em janeiro/2000. Os ramos foram acondicionados em filmes de PVC e armazenados por 3, 6 e 9 dias. Durante o armazenamento, o teor de clorofila, e o teor e a composição do óleo essencial foram determinados e foram conduzidas análises microbiológicas. A época de colheita e os dias de armazenamento influenciaram o teor final de óleo essencial. Houve decréscimo linear dos teores de óleo essencial e de clorofila e do número de colônias de fungos e bactérias ao longo do armazenamento. Não houve efeito da época de colheita ou do horário de colheita sobre a composição do óleo essencial, mas os teores de eugenol e linalol aumentaram durante o armazenamento. O número de coliformes ficou abaixo de 0,3 NMP g-1 e o número de Staphylococcus aureus, abaixo de 1,0x102 UFC g-1.Fresh basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is used in food, phytotherapic industry, and in traditional therapeutic, due to its essential oil content and composition. Nevertheless basil can not be kept for long periods after harvest and its quality can be reduced. This work aimed to assess the influence of the season and harvest time in the postharvest conservation of basil stored for different periods. Basil was harvested at 8 am and 4 pm both in August/1999 and January/2000. Cuttings were conditioned in PVC packages and stored for 3, 6, and 9 days. During storage, chlorophyll content, essential oil content and composition were determined as well as microbiological analyses were carried out. Harvest season and the days of storage influenced the final content of essential oil. There was a linear decrease in the content of essential oil, in the chlorophyll content and in the number of mold and yeast colonies during storage. There was no effect of cropping season or harvest hour on essential oil composition, but the eugenol and linalool content increased during storage. Coliforms were under 0.3 MPN g-1 and the number of Staphylococcus aureus was under 1.0x102 UFC g-1

Toxoplasma - specific IgG antibodies avidity ELISA and its role in the differentiation between recent and chronic toxoplasmosis in goats

For serological characterization of recent Toxoplasma infection in goats low avidity IgG specific antibodies were studied. Avidity was evaluated as the decrease of absorbance in ELISA test after treating plates with 3, 6 and 9M urea, as a dissociating solution of low avidity antigen-antibody complexes. A concentration of 9M urea best discriminated between recent and old infections in goats experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Absorbance after treating plates with 9M urea decreased in relation to the duration of infection, levelling off about the 100th day after inoculation. In a group of 116 serum samples from naturally infected goats patterns of recent, transitional or chronic toxoplasmosis were demonstrated. Serological patterns were previously determined by immunofluorescent assay. For chronic toxoplasmosis infection, the observed decrease of absorbance was 26.32 ± 10.84. For recent toxoplasmosis it was 77.61 ± 13.89, and for transitional pattern, 46.22 ± 11.94.Foi avaliada a avidez de anticorpos IgG como marcador sorológico de infecção recente e crônica pelo Toxoplasma gondii, através da dissociação do complexo antígeno-anticorpo com uréia. A avaliação foi realizada medindo-se a percentagem de queda (%Q) da absorbância, pelo ELISA, após a lavagem do complexo Ag - Ac formado com solução de uréia. Ficou determinado que a concentração dc uréia 9 Molar (M) foi a que melhor diferenciou infecções recentes e crônicas de cabras experimentalmente infectadas com Toxoplasma gondii, e que a %Q da absorbância decresce com o tempo de infecção do animal, tornando-se estável em torno do 100º. dia após a inoculação. Em um grupo de 116 amostras de soro, coletadas de caprinos naturalmente infectados, foram demonstrados perfis característicos de toxoplasmose recente, crônica ou em fase de transição. Os perfis foram previamente determinados pela avaliação da evolução dos níveis de anticorpos IgG pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Os animais caracterizados como portadores de toxoplasmose crônica apresentaram uma %Q da absorbância de 26,32 ± 10,84. Para toxoplasmose recente a %Q da absorbância observada foi de 77,61 ± 13,89 e para o perfil de transição, 46,22 ± 11,94

Primary melanoma of the oral cavity:a multi-institutional retrospective analysis in Brazil

Melanoma is an aggressive malignant tumor, rarely observed in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic features of a series of oral melanomas. A retrospective descriptive study was performed. A total of 15,482 biopsy records from two oral and maxillofacial pathology services in Brazil were analyzed. All cases of oral melanomas were reviewed, and clinical, demographic, histopathological data, treatment, and follow-up status were collected. In addition, immunohistochemistry stains (pan-cytokeratin AE1/AE3, vimentin, ?-SMA, CD45, S-100 protein, HMB-45, Melan A, and Ki-67) were performed. The series comprised of 5 males (71.4%) and 2 females (28.6%), with a mean age of 58.0 ± 9.2 years (range: 45-69 years) and a 2.5:1 male-to-female ratio. The gingiva (n = 3, 42.8%) and hard palate (n = 2, 28.6%) were the most common affected sites, presenting clinically as ulcerated swellings with a brown to black color. Cervical lymph node metastasis was detected in three patients during the first examination. Microscopically, 6 cases (85.7%) were melanotic, and one (14.3%) was amelanotic. Most cases (n = 4, 57.1%) presented a predominance of epithelioid cells. S-100 and HMB-45 were positive in all cases (n = 7, 100.0%). In contrast, only 4 cases (57.1%) were positive for Melan-A. The proliferative index with Ki-67 was high, with labeling index ranging from 70.0% to more than 90% of positive cells. Five patients died from complications of the tumors after a mean follow-up period of 7.8 months. Melanoma is an aggressive malignant tumor that rarely occurs in the oral cavity. It occurs mainly in adult and elderly patients and often is diagnosed in advanced stages. The current findings were similar to previous studies and reflected the characteristics of the services from where lesions were retrieved

Use of dried blood sample for serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in goats

Eluates of 183 dried caprine blood samples on filter paper were tested for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, using IFA, ELISA and dot-ELISA, and compared with results obtained by direct observations on comparable sera, usin the same tests. The results has showed that papers with dried blood can be preserved for up to 45 days at room temperature and for six months at 4°C, provided they are protected against humid conditions by using desiccating agents such as silica-gel. Comparison between serum and eluate reactions revelated 97-100% correspondance. The antibody titers remained constant throughout the study period.Foi realizada pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em 183 amostras de sangue dessecado em papel de filtro utilizando as reações de imunofluorescência indireta ELISA e dot-ELISA, tomando como referência os resultados obtidos nos soros. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que papéis com sangue dessecado podem ser conservados por um período mínimo de 45 dias à temperatura ambiente e por seis meses a 4°C, desde que mantidos livres de umidade pela utilização de agentes dessecantes como a sílica-gel. A reprodutibilidade das reações, avaliada por meio da curva dos títulos de anticorpos no decorrer do tempo após a coleta do sangue em papéis de filtro, demonstrou uma concordância de 97 a 100% entre os resultados obtidos nos soros e eluatos. Os títulos de anticorpos permaneceram estáveis durante o período observado. Os resultados obtidos com eluato de sangue dessecado foram semelhantes na RIFI, ELISA e dot-ELISA, indicando que qualquer uma das três reações pode ser utilizada em eluatos de sangue dessecado para o diagnóstico da toxoplasmose caprina

Antioxidant Action of Mangrove Polyphenols against Gastric Damage Induced by Absolute Ethanol and Ischemia-Reperfusion in the Rat

Rhizophora mangle, the red mangrove, has long been known as a traditional medicine. Its bark has been used as astringent, antiseptic, hemostatic, with antifungic and antiulcerogenic properties. In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of a buthanolic fraction of the R. mangle bark extract (RM) against experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Unib-Wh rats received pretreatment of R. mangle after the induction of gastric injury with absolute ethanol and ischemia-reperfusion. Gastric tissues from both methods were prepared to the enzymatic assays, the levels of sulfhydril compounds (GSH), lipid peroxides (LPO), and the activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. The RM protected the gastric mucosa in both methods used, ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and ischemia-reperfusion, probably, by modulating the activities of the enzymes SOD, GPx, and GR and increasing or maintaining the levels of GSH; in adittion, LPO levels were reduced. The results suggest that the RM antioxidant activity leads to tissue protection; thus one of the antiulcer mechanisms present on the pharmacological effects of R. mangle is the antioxidant property

Effectiveness of a 16-month multicomponent and environmental schoolbased intervention for recovery of poor income overweight/obese children and adolescents: study protocol of the health multipliers program

Background: Excess of weight is a serious public health concern in almost all countries, afflicting people of different ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Studies have indicated the need for developing treatment strategies that intervene directly in the obesogenic environment. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-component and environmental school-based intervention, lasting 16 months, on the recovery of the nutritional status of lowincome children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. Methods/study design: The study was conducted by the Center for Recovery and Nutritional Education (CREN) in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Two schools located in poor neighborhoods were selected for the intervention, between March 2016 and June 2017. The participants were all students aged 8 to 12 years fromthe two participating schools. At the beginning of the intervention, anthropometric measurements were carried out to assess the nutritional status of the students. For convenience, students from one of the schools were considered as the control group, while those from the other school formed the experimental group. The intervention in the experimental group (n = 438) consists of the following weekly activities at school: psychological counseling in groups, theoretical/practical nutrition workshops, and supervised physical education classes. In addition, theoretical and practical educational activities are held regularly for parents, teachers, and cooks. Students with excess of weight (>= 1 body mass index [BMI] - for-age Z score, n = 138) received clinical and nutritional care periodically at the outpatient care at CREN. Students enrolled in the control group (n = 353) participated in psychological counseling groups and theoretical/practical nutrition workshops for 6 months held in the school environment to provide motivation to entire classrooms. In the following 10 months, students with excess of weight from the control group (n = 125) were invited to attend the routine outpatient care at CREN. Discussion: This study is the first to assess the effectiveness of a multi-component and environmental school-based intervention for the recovery of low-income, overweight/obese children and adolescents. If positive, the results demonstrate the feasibility for the recovery of excess of weight in populations of similar conditions and age.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Univ Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Physiol, Rua Botucatu 862,2 Andar,Vila Clementino, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Hlth & Soc Inst, Dept Publ Hlth & Collect Hlth, Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Pediat, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilCREN, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUNIFESP, Hlth & Soc Inst, Dept Publ Hlth & Collect Hlth, Santos, SP, BrazilUNIFESP, Dept Human Movement Sci, Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Dept Comp Sci, Inst Math & Stat, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Paulista Sch Med, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Nephrol, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Physiol, Rua Botucatu 862,2 Andar,Vila Clementino, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Hlth & Soc Inst, Dept Publ Hlth & Collect Hlth, Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Pediat, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUNIFESP, Hlth & Soc Inst, Dept Publ Hlth & Collect Hlth, Santos, SP, BrazilUNIFESP, Dept Human Movement Sci, Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Paulista Sch Med, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Nephrol, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 2014/22351-2Web of Scienc