Two Decades of Developmentalism: Bottlenecks and Plans of State Intervention in Brazil in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century

This work takes as its theme public policies on development. It aims an overall analysis of the most urgent issues of political and economic plans launched in Brazil in the second half of the twentieth century. Specifically, the intention is to discuss the establishment of government policies in combating bottlenecks in the national economy through the Plans. This is an article based on concepts of development and the major general lines of the development plans in this country. Kon’s works (1999) are the fundamental theoretical basis. We notice that Brazil experienced two very different decades, the 1970s and 1980s: the first focused investment for economic growth; the second, turned to fighting inflation. Because of discourses and appointed limits, developmentalism occurred, but no development in the strict sense. Between public debt and inflation addiction, which were parallel in the two mentioned decades, (still) rests the same issue in the country: What is development? What is the country’s development

Chemistry and antigerminative activity of essential oils and monoterpenoids from Mediterranean plants

The Mediterranean flora is characterized by the abundance of aromatic plants. The feature differentiating these plants from all others, in spite of the fact that they belong to many different families, is the production of chemically related secondary compounds, the low molecular weight and volatile isoprenoids. This remarkable presence of aromatic species is important in determining the allelopathic potential within this ecosystem. Such plants make a significant contribution to phryganic Mediterranean ecosystems both in terms of species number and biomass. Thus, the essential oils play an important role in this ecological context. Mediating various processes in the frame of an ecosystem, they become indirectly beneficial to the plants, considering their involvement in processes of adaptative character in Mediterranean ecosystem . For this reason, our research group carried out a series of studies on the possible allelopathic properties of aromatic plants that, being rich in active principles, are considered a primary source of potential allelochemicals.The focus of this overview is direct to have an overall idea about the chemistry and antigerminative activity of essential oils of some Mediterranean aromatic plants and their main constituent

iFADO project: contribution to the determination of the Good Environmental Status in the Atlantic Area through modeling and in situ monitoring approaches

The project iFADO ( innovation in the Framework of the Atlantic Deep Ocean ) aims to combine conventional monitoring programs (with special focus on novel semi-automatic techniques that can be applied for in situ biological monitoring) with emerging technologies (such as gliders, satellite imagery, etc.) and modeling approaches to assist the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), providing tools for the optimization of observing strategies for better evaluation and forecasting of the Good Environmental Status (GES). Within this framework, the multidisciplinary iFADO cruise (within the RADPROF time series program, Instituto Español de Oceanografía) was carried out with transnational collaboration on summer 2020 along a standard coastal-oceanic transect off NW Iberian Peninsula, including physical, biogeochemical and biological measurements. Additionally, an effort is being made in the implementation and validation of existing and new biogeochemical models in the Atlantic margin, focusing on key variables for the implementation of MSFD Descriptors. The combination of iFADO models and in situ monitoring approaches not only might contribute data and potential indicators for MSFD Descriptors 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10, from coastal to open-ocean environments, but they are essential tools to detect, model and predict temporal changes in marine ecosystems in the study area

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in bovines from intensive and extensive breeding interpretated by epidemiological cutoff values

Se estudió la “disminución de sensibilidad” o población “non-wild-type” (NWT) a diferentes antimicrobianos en 120 cepas de Escherichia coli, aisladas de materia fecal de bovinos de terminación aparentemente sanos, 60 cepas de bovinos de explotación intensiva (EI) y 60 cepas de bovinos de explotación extensiva (EE). Los antimicrobianos seleccionados son los frecuentemente utilizados en medicina veterinaria y humana. La sensibilidad antimicrobiana fue determinada por el método de concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) de dilución en agar. El criterio de interpretación fue establecido en base al punto de corte epidemiológico, epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF), epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) o wild type cutoff values (WCV). Las cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de EI mostraron “disminución de sensibilidad” a tres familias de antimicrobianos: aminoglucósidos, tetraciclinas y fluorquinolonas, mientras que las cepas aisladas de EE a la familia de quinolonas y fluorquinolonas, coincidiendo con los antimicrobianos más utilizados en la explotación animal. Además se hallaron 16/60 cepas pertenecientes a la población NWT o con “disminución de sensibilidad” a cefotaxima aisladas en animales de EE.“Reduced susceptibility” or “non-wild-type” population (NWT) to different antimicrobial in 120 Escherichia coli strains, isolated from finishing bovines faeces of apparently healthy animals, 60 strains from intensive breeding bovines (EI) and 60 from extensive breeding (EE) bovines were studied. The selected antimicrobials are frequently used in veterinary and human medicine. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution method. Interpretative criteria on the basis of epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) or wild type cutoff values (WCV) were established. Escherichia coli strains isolated from EI showed “reduced susceptibility” to three antimicrobial families: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and fluorquinolones, whereas strains isolated from EE showed “reduced susceptibility” to quinolones and fluorquinolones families, coinciding with the antimicrobials most used in animal farms. In addition, 16/60 strains belonging to NWT population or with “reduced susceptibility” for cefotaxime isolated from EE animals were found.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in bovines from intensive and extensive breeding interpretated by epidemiological cutoff values

Se estudió la “disminución de sensibilidad” o población “non-wild-type” (NWT) a diferentes antimicrobianos en 120 cepas de Escherichia coli, aisladas de materia fecal de bovinos de terminación aparentemente sanos, 60 cepas de bovinos de explotación intensiva (EI) y 60 cepas de bovinos de explotación extensiva (EE). Los antimicrobianos seleccionados son los frecuentemente utilizados en medicina veterinaria y humana. La sensibilidad antimicrobiana fue determinada por el método de concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) de dilución en agar. El criterio de interpretación fue establecido en base al punto de corte epidemiológico, epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF), epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) o wild type cutoff values (WCV). Las cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de EI mostraron “disminución de sensibilidad” a tres familias de antimicrobianos: aminoglucósidos, tetraciclinas y fluorquinolonas, mientras que las cepas aisladas de EE a la familia de quinolonas y fluorquinolonas, coincidiendo con los antimicrobianos más utilizados en la explotación animal. Además se hallaron 16/60 cepas pertenecientes a la población NWT o con “disminución de sensibilidad” a cefotaxima aisladas en animales de EE.“Reduced susceptibility” or “non-wild-type” population (NWT) to different antimicrobial in 120 Escherichia coli strains, isolated from finishing bovines faeces of apparently healthy animals, 60 strains from intensive breeding bovines (EI) and 60 from extensive breeding (EE) bovines were studied. The selected antimicrobials are frequently used in veterinary and human medicine. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution method. Interpretative criteria on the basis of epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) or wild type cutoff values (WCV) were established. Escherichia coli strains isolated from EI showed “reduced susceptibility” to three antimicrobial families: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and fluorquinolones, whereas strains isolated from EE showed “reduced susceptibility” to quinolones and fluorquinolones families, coinciding with the antimicrobials most used in animal farms. In addition, 16/60 strains belonging to NWT population or with “reduced susceptibility” for cefotaxime isolated from EE animals were found.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in bovines from intensive and extensive breeding interpretated by epidemiological cutoff values

Se estudió la “disminución de sensibilidad” o población “non-wild-type” (NWT) a diferentes antimicrobianos en 120 cepas de Escherichia coli, aisladas de materia fecal de bovinos de terminación aparentemente sanos, 60 cepas de bovinos de explotación intensiva (EI) y 60 cepas de bovinos de explotación extensiva (EE). Los antimicrobianos seleccionados son los frecuentemente utilizados en medicina veterinaria y humana. La sensibilidad antimicrobiana fue determinada por el método de concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) de dilución en agar. El criterio de interpretación fue establecido en base al punto de corte epidemiológico, epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF), epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) o wild type cutoff values (WCV). Las cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de EI mostraron “disminución de sensibilidad” a tres familias de antimicrobianos: aminoglucósidos, tetraciclinas y fluorquinolonas, mientras que las cepas aisladas de EE a la familia de quinolonas y fluorquinolonas, coincidiendo con los antimicrobianos más utilizados en la explotación animal. Además se hallaron 16/60 cepas pertenecientes a la población NWT o con “disminución de sensibilidad” a cefotaxima aisladas en animales de EE.“Reduced susceptibility” or “non-wild-type” population (NWT) to different antimicrobial in 120 Escherichia coli strains, isolated from finishing bovines faeces of apparently healthy animals, 60 strains from intensive breeding bovines (EI) and 60 from extensive breeding (EE) bovines were studied. The selected antimicrobials are frequently used in veterinary and human medicine. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution method. Interpretative criteria on the basis of epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) epidemiological cutoff values (ECV) or wild type cutoff values (WCV) were established. Escherichia coli strains isolated from EI showed “reduced susceptibility” to three antimicrobial families: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and fluorquinolones, whereas strains isolated from EE showed “reduced susceptibility” to quinolones and fluorquinolones families, coinciding with the antimicrobials most used in animal farms. In addition, 16/60 strains belonging to NWT population or with “reduced susceptibility” for cefotaxime isolated from EE animals were found.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth in Brazil, 2006-12: a matched case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal infections during pregnancy can increase the risk of fetal death. Dengue infection is common, but little is known about its role in fetal mortality. We aimed to investigate the association between symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy and fetal death. METHODS: We did a nested case-control study using obstetrician-collected data from the Brazilian livebirth information system (SINASC), the mortality information system (SIM), and the national reportable disease information system (SINAN). We identified all pregnancies ending in stillbirth and a random sample of livebirths between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 31, 2012. We did linkage to determine which mothers were diagnosed with dengue infection during pregnancy. By use of stillbirths as cases and a sample of matched livebirths as a control, we calculated matched odds ratios (mORs) using conditional logistic regression adjusted for maternal age and education. FINDINGS: 275 (0·2%) of 162 188 women who had stillbirths and 1507 (0·1%) of 1 586 105 women who had livebirths were diagnosed with dengue infection during pregnancy. Symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy almost doubled the odds of fetal death (mOR 1·9, 95% CI 1·6-2·2). The increase in risk was similar when analyses were restricted to laboratory-confirmed cases of dengue infection (1·8, 1·4-2·4). Severe dengue infection increased the risk of fetal death by about five times (4·9, 2·3-10·2). INTERPRETATION: Symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of fetal death. We recommend further epidemiological and biological studies of the association between dengue and poor birth outcomes to measure the burden of subclinical infections and elucidate pathological mechanisms. FUNDING: Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Horizon 2020

The Influence of Health Literacy on Reach, Retention, and Success in a Worksite Weight Loss Program

To examine if employee health literacy (HL) status moderated reach, retention, and weight outcomes in a worksite weight loss program

Estudo caso-controle pareado avaliando a frequência dos principais agentes causadores de diarréia neonatal em suínos no Rio Grande do Sul

A case-control study was carried out in litters of 1 to 7-day-old piglets to identify the main infectious agents involved with neonatal diarrhea in pigs. Fecal samples (n=276) from piglets were collected on pig farms in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from May to September 2007. Litters with diarrhea were considered cases (n=129) and normal litters (n=147) controls. The samples were examined by latex agglutination test, PAGE, conventional isolating techniques, ELISA, PCR, and microscopic methods in order to detect rotavirus, bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens type A and C, and Clostridium difficile), and parasites (Coccidian and Cryptosporidium spp.). Outbreaks of diarrhea were not observed during sampling. At least one agent was detected in fecal samples on 25 out of 28 farms (89.3%) and in 16 farms (57.1%) more than one agent was found. The main agents diagnosed were Coccidia (42.86%) and rotavirus (39.29%). The main agents identified in litters with diarrhea were Clostridium difficile (10.6%), Clostridium perfringens type A (8.8%) and rotavirus (7.5%); in control litters, Clostridium difficile (16.6%) and Coccidian (8.5%). Beta hemolytic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type C were not detected. When compared with controls, no agent was significantly associated with diarrhea in case litters. These findings stress the need for caution in the interpretation of laboratorial diagnosis of mild diarrhea in neonatal pigs, as the sole detection of an agent does not necessarily indicate that it is the cause of the problem.Um estudo de caso-controle em leitegadas de um a sete dias de idade foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar os principais agentes infecciosos envolvidos na diarreia neonatal de leitões. As amostras de fezes (n=276) foram coletadas em granjas de suínos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período de maio a setembro de 2007. Leitegadas com diarreia foram consideradas casos (n=147) e leitegadas normais, controles (n=129). As amostras foram examinadas através do teste de aglutinação em látex, PAGE, cultivo, ELISA, PCR e métodos microscópicos para a excreção dos principais agentes de diarreia: virais (rotavirus), bacterianos (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens tipos A e tipo C e Clostridium difficile) e parasitários (coccídeos e Cryptosporidium spp.). Durante o período do estudo não foram observados surtos e a diarréia, quando presente, apresentou-se leve. Pelo menos um agente foi identificado nas amostras fecais de 25 entre 28 granjas (89,3%) analisadas e em 16 granjas (57,1%) mais de um agente foi detectado. Os principais agentes encontrados nas granjas foram coccídeos (42,86%) e rotavírus (39,29%). Os principais agentes detectados nas leitegadas com diarreia foram Clostridium difficile (10,6%), Clostridium perfringens tipo A (8,8%) e rotavírus (7,5%). Por outro lado, nas leitegadas controle os agentes mais prevalentes foram Clostridium difficile (16,6%) e coccídeos (8,5%). E. coli Beta hemolítica e Clostridium perfringens tipo C não foram detectados. O presente estudo de caso-controle demonstrou que nenhum agente infeccioso esteve associado significativamente com diarreia (p>0.05). Esses achados reforçam a necessidade de que haja cuidado na interpretação de resultados de exames laboratoriais em materiais coletados de leitões com diarreia neonatal leve, pois a detecção isolada de um agente infeccioso não indica necessariamente que o mesmo seja a causa do problema

Who participates in internet-based worksite weight loss programs?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The reach and representativeness are seldom examined in worksite weight loss studies. This paper describes and illustrates a method for directly assessing the reach and representativeness of a internet-based worksite weight loss program.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A brief health survey (BHS) was administered, between January 2008 and November 2009, to employees at 19 worksites in Southwest Virginia. The BHS included demographic, behavioral, and health questions. All employees were blinded to the existence of a future weight loss program until the completion of the BHS.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The BHS has a participation rate of 66 percent and the subsequent weight loss program has a participation rate of 30 percent. Employees from higher income households, with higher education levels and health literacy proficiency were significantly more likely to participate in the program (p's < .01).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Worksite weight loss programs should include targeted marketing strategies to engage employees with lower income, education, and health literacy.</p