Atributos físicos de um Latossolo sob sistemas de uso e manejo no médio Vale do Paraíba Paulista

Os atributos físicos do solo são indicadores indispensáveis na avaliação de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo. Objetivou-se, nesse trabalho, avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de uso e manejo i) pupunha para produção de frutos e sementes, ii) pupunha para produção de palmito, e iii) pastagem de Urochloa decumbens em pousio, em profundidade sobre os atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo localizado no médio Vale do Paraíba Paulista, SP, Brasil. Em cada sistema foi determinada a resistência do solo à penetração nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m, nas quais foram coletadas amostras para a determinação do teor de matéria orgânica, densidade do solo e de partículas e umidade (conteúdo de água)  no solo. A condutividade hidráulica, densidade de partículas, porosidade e volume de saturação foram determinadas por meio da coleta de amostras nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10 e 0,40-0,50 m. Verificou-se que não houve diferença para os atributos densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, resistência à penetração e matéria orgânica entre os sistemas de uso e manejo avaliados. Contudo, a condutividade hidráulica e o conteúdo de água (umidade) no solo foram maiores na área de pastagem de Urochloa decumbens em pousio. Os parâmetros densidade do solo, resistência à penetração e matéria orgânica apresentaram maiores valores em menor profundidade, enquanto a porosidade total, conteúdo de água (umidade) e condutividade hidráulica apontaram menores valores. A densidade de partículas e volume de saturação não foram influenciadas significativamente em profundidade

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Herbage yield and nutritional aspects of two braquiarias grown in solution with combination of phosphorus and magnesium rates

Em casa-de-vegetação, durante o verão (dezembro de 1996 a março de 1997), a Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk e a Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rick) Stapf. cv. Marandu foram estudadas quanto à produção de matéria seca, perfilhamento, teor de clorofila, concentração e acúmulo de nutrientes em função da combinação de doses de magnésio (4,8 - 24 - 48 e 72 mg L-1) com doses de fósforo (3,1 - 15,5 e 31 mg L-1) em solução nutritiva, num esquema fatorial 2x3x4, disposto em blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As plantas foram cortadas duas vezes, sendo o primeiro corte realizado 41 dias após o transplante e o segundo 30 dias após o primeiro. O padrão de perfilhamento das espécies foi determinado, marcando-se os perfilhos novos com fios coloridos, em duas das cinco plantas de cada vaso. Efetuou-se, 67 dias após o transplante, a contagem do número total de perfilhos por vaso, o que possibilitou estimar-se o peso médio dos perfilhos. Através do clorofilômetro SPAD-502 estimou-se o teor de clorofila. As leituras foram realizadas 25, 35 e 59 dias após o transplante no terço médio das duas lâminas foliares mais velhas que ainda permaneciam verdes, no colmo principal das duas plantas utilizadas para a marcação dos perfilhos. Embora as duas espécies tenham apresentado resposta diferenciada na produção de matéria seca em função das doses de fósforo, o comportamento das espécies à combinação das doses de magnésio e fósforo foi o mesmo, pois os efeitos de magnésio só foram significativos, quando não houve limitação de fósforo. Em valores absolutos e relativos a Brachiaria brizantha apresentou maior produção de lâminas foliares do que a Brachiaria decumbens. Observou-se diferenças no padrão de perfilhamento das espécies em função das doses de fósforo. Constatou-se, que a dose de fósforo 31 mg L-1) abreviou o ciclo de vida dos perfilhos da Brachiaria decumbens no primeiro corte. Verificou-se que a Brachiaria decumbens apresentou maior número de perfilhos por vaso, enquanto a Brachiaria brizantha apresentou perfilhos mais pesados. As limitações de fósforo e de magnésio implicaram em teores de clorofila mais baixos nas duas espécies, principalmente na fase de estabelecimento. A concentração de fósforo no tecido vegetal aumentou sensivelmente com o incremento da dose de fósforo na solução. Observou-se que o aumento das doses de magnésio possibilitou um maior acúmulo de fósforo, quando não houve limitação de fósforo. As duas braquiárias apresentaram grande capacidade de absorção e de acúmulo de magnésio. Apesar da Brachiaria decumbens ter apresentado concentração de magnésio mais elevada que a Brachiaria brizantha o acúmulo de magnésio foi equivalente nas duas espécies. O magnésio acumulou-se preferencialmente nas lâminas foliares.An experiment was carried out at Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Brazil, during summer (December 1996 to March 1997), to study the effects of the combination of magnesium (4,8 - 24 - 48 e 72 mg L-1) and phosphorus rates (3,1 - 15,5 e 31 mg L-1) in two forages grasses (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk and Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex. A. Rick) Stapf. cv. Marandu). Dry matter yield, tillering, chlorophyll concentration, concentrations and contents of both magnesium and phosphorus were evaluated. The experiment was set in a complete randomized block design, with four replications in a factorial arrangement 2x3x4 (2 species, 3 phosphorus rates and 4 magnesium rates). Two harvests were done; the first one at 41 days after the seedlings transplant and the second 30 days after the first. The tillering pattern was determined by marking the new tillers of two plants with colored wires. There were five plants in each pot. The total numbers of tillers also were determined 67 days after the transplant. The chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 was used to estimate the chlorophyll concentration on the two oldest green leaves of the main stems. The readings of SPAD were taken 25, 35 e 59 days after the transplant. Although the species have shown different responses to the phosphorus rates, the behavior to the combination of magnesium and phosphorus rates were the same, because the effects of magnesium was only significant when there was no phosphorus limitation. Tiller number of Brachiaria decumbens increased with phosphorus rates from 15,5 to 31 mg de P L-1 but not in Brachiaria brizantha. It was also verified that tiller life cycle of Brachiaria decumbens in the 31 mg de P L-1 was shorted because the stems were elongating to bloom. Brachiaria decumbens showed larger total tiller number per pot, but Brachiaria brizantha had heavier tillers. The chlorophyll concentration was low when magnesium and phosphorus rates were low, mainly at plant establishment. Increasing of phosphorus rate increased the phosphorus concentration in dry matter. The increase of magnesium rates improved phosphorus uptake and resulted in larger phosphorus content, at no phosphorus limitation. Although the two species had high magnesium uptake capacity, Brachiaria decumbens had larger magnesium concentrations. Magnesium contents were the similar in two species. Increasing phosphorus rates increased the plant demand for magnesium. The magnesium accumulated mainly in the leaf blades

Tree growth, nutritional status, water use efficiency and nutrients use efficiency in Eucalyptus grandis plantation fertilized with potassium and sodium in Brazil

Para avaliar os efeitos da fertilização potássica e sódica sobre a resposta do Eucalyptus grandis em crescimento, estado nutricional, eficiência de uso de água e de nutrientes foi instalado na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga (SP) em LVA distrófico (200 g kg-1 de argila) um experimento em blocos ao acaso contendo sete tratamentos: Testemunha, K1,5, K3,0, K4,5, KS3,0, Na3,0 e K1,5+Na1,5 (os valores correspondem à quantidade de K ou Na fornecidos em kmol ha-1, sob as formas de KCl, K2SO4 e NaCl). O nível crítico de K foliar variou de 6,6 a 5,0 g kg-1 e as amostragens realizadas no final da estação de chuvas (maio) sempre proporcionaram melhor avaliação do estado nutricional. A fertilização potássica elevou a resistência e/ou tolerância à ferrugem (Puccini pisidii Winter.). A concentração de Na na idade de 6 meses foliar atingiu 3,4 e 2,3 g kg-1 nos tratamentos Na3,0 e K1,5+Na1,5, mas o crescimento das árvores as concentrações reduziram para valores 1 (elevada), uma característica relacionada às plantas tolerantes ao Na e à salinidade. A resposta do Eucalyptus grandis à fertilização potássica e sódica foi expressiva, enquanto a Testemunha alcançou 8,6 cm de DAP, 13,4 m de altura e 68 m3 ha-1 de madeira, 36 meses pós-plantio, sob a maior dose de potássio (K4,5), o DAP foi de 11,6 cm, a altura de 17,5 m que resultaram em 141 m3 ha-1 de madeira. A fertilização sódica, por sua vez, proporcionou árvores 13% (10,0 cm) mais grossas, 18% (15,7 m) mais altas, e produtividade de madeira 52% (103 m3 ha-1) maior que a Testemunha aos 36 meses pós-plantio. A combinação de K1.5+Na1.5, comparada ao fornecimento de K1,5, aumentou em 12% o volume de madeira. A produção de biomassa do tronco aos 36 meses pós-plantio nos tratamentos K3,0, Na3,0 e Testemunha foi de 55,1, 41,5 e 26,1 Mg ha-1, respectivamente. Os aumentos de produtividade estiveram diretamente relacionado com índices de área foliar (IAF) maiores aos 36 meses pós-plantio: K3,0 (5,4 m2 m-2), Na3,0 (3,2 m2 m-2) e Testemunha (2,7 m2 m-2). O conteúdo de K na parte aérea aos 36 meses pós-plantio foi de 82, 38 e 31 kg ha-1, respectivamente nos tratamentos K3,0, Na3,0 e Testemunha, e os tratamentos Na3,0 e Testemunha não diferiram significativamente. O conteúdo de Na no tratamento Na3,0 (51 kg ha-1) foi maior que nos tratamentos K3,0 e Testemunha (17 e 28kg ha-1). Desses totais, o lenho acumulou cerca de 40% do conteúdo de K e mais de 75% do conteúdo Na. O retorno de K ao 10 solo como folhedo no tratamento K3,0 foi de 14,9, 22,2 e 13,1 kg ha-1 ano-1, consecutivamente nos três anos de avaliação. Nos tratamentos Testemunha e Na3,0, as quantidades de K não ultrapassaram 8,8, 14,3 e 11,9 kg ha-1 ano-1. A ciclagem bioquímica do K foi bastante intensa (>80%) ao contrário do Na em que a retranslocação é menor (27%). A EUK estimada sob fertilização sódica (1356 kg MS kg-1) foi superior às dos tratamentos K3,0 (829 kg MS kg-1) e Testemunha (1042 kg MS kg-1) Os índices de recuperação de K e Na atingiram, respectivamente 44 e 52%, aos 36 meses pós-plantio. Sob fertilização potássica e sódica, a transpiração foi em média 20% maior que na Testemunha (P 1. This ratio is characteristic of salinity tolerant plant. The response of Eucalyptus grandis trees to K and Na fertilizer applications was significant. While trees in the control treatment reached on average 8.6 cm in DBH, 13.4 m in height and 68 m3 ha-1 of stemwood at age 36 months, under the higher dose of K addition (K4.5), mean values of DBH, height, and stemwood volume were 11.6 cm, 17.5 m, and 141 m3 ha-1 in the K4.5 treatment. Sodium fertilizer application increased tree DBH by 13% (10.0 cm on average at age 36 months), height by 18% (15.7 m on average), and stemwood volume by 52% (103 m3 ha-1) compared to the Control treatment. Stemwood volume in the K1,5+Na1,5 treatment was 12% higher than in the K1,5 treatment. Trunk biomass at age 36 months in treatments K3,0, Na3,0 and Control were 55.1, 41.5 and 26.1 Mg ha-1, respectively. Leaf area index (LAI) at age 36 months were 5.4, 3.2 and 2.7 m2 m-2, in the K3,0, Na3,0 and Control treatments, respectively. The amount of K in the aboveground biomass at age 36 months was 82, 38 and 31 kg ha-1 in treatments K3.0, Na3.0 and Control, respectively, and was not significantly different in the Na3.0 and Control treatments. The Na content at age 36 months was significantly higher in the Na3.0 treatment (51 kg ha-1) than in the control and K3.0 treatments (17 e 28 kg ha-1). About 40% of the total amount of K aboveground and more than 75% of the amount of Na were found in 12 stemwood. The amount of K in litterfall was 14.9, 22.2 and 13.1 kg ha-1 yr-1 in K3.0, the first, second and third years after planting, respectively. In the other treatments, K content in litterfall over the same period was 80%) and Na retranslocations were much lower (27% on average). Potassium use efficiency, calculated as the ratio between biomass and K content aboveground at age 36 months, was greater in the Na3.0 treatment (1356 kg kg-1) than in treatments K3.0 (829 kg kg-1) and Control (1042 kg kg-1). The rates of K and Na recovery in aboveground tree components were 44 and 52%, respectively, 36 months after planting. Potassium and sodium fertilizers applications increased stand transpiration (P <0.06) by 20% relatively to the Control treatment, from 30 to 35 months after planting (505, 519 and 397 mm, respectively). The mean daily stand transpiration over the study period ranged from 2.6 mm day-1 in the Control treatment to 3.6 mm day-1 in the K3.0 treatment. The transpiration/LAI ratio was lower in the K3,0 treatment (0.62 mm day-1 m-2) than in the Control (0, 96 mm day-1 m-2) and Na3.0 (1.05 mm day-1 m-2) treatments. This pattern showed that K availability largely influenced tree transpiration control, and Na availability was unlikely to reduce the loss of water per unit of LAI. Potassium and sodium fertilizers applications increased both the growth and the transpiration of Eucalyptus grandis trees and led to an improvement in water use efficiency (WUE) in biomass (B) or wood volume (V). WUEB were 0.0021, 0.0033 and 0.0041 kg L-1 over the study period in treatments Control, K3.0, Na3.0, respectively. WUEV were higher in treatments K3.0 (0.0068 dm3 L-1) and Na3.0 (0.0057 dm3 L-1) than in the Control treatment (0.0034 dm3 L-1). Therefore, K fertilization increased stand productivity and WUE in fast growing Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Sodium fertilization, in addition to K fertilization, also increased productivity and might be a valuable option to increase potassium use efficiency in commercial Eucalyptus plantations

Occurrence of lead and zinc in soils and plants at the margins of a highway with heavy traffic

The occurrences of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in soil and grasses collected at three points on stretch of 143 km of the Presidente Dutra highway between the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The soil and plant samples were collected by sampling transections perpendicular to the highway at distances of 0, 10, 20, 35 and 50 m from the highway edge. Concentrations of Pb and Zn were higher in samples closest to the highway edge, decreasing with increasing distance from the road. There were positive correlation coefficients between the metal concentration in the soil and the metal concentration in the plant. Concentrations of Pb found in soil samples were below the reference value established for the soil quality in the state of São Paulo, while for Zn, up to 10 m away from the highway edge, the concentration was higher than the reference value

A positive growth response to NaCl applications in Eucalyptus plantations established on K-deficient soils

Contrasting responses of Eucalyptus trees to K fertilizer applications have been reported on soils with low K contents. A complete randomized block experiment was set up in Brazil to test the hypothesis that large atmospheric deposits of NaCl in coastal regions might lead to a partial substitution of K by Na in Eucalyptus physiology and enhance tree growth. Treatments with application of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 kmol K ha(-1) (K(1.5), K(3.0), 1(4.5, respectively) as KCl, 3.0 kmol K ha(-1) applied as K(2)SO(4), 3.0 kmol Na ha(-1) (Na(3.0)) as NaCl commercialized for cattle feeding, and a mixture of 1.5 kmol K + 1.5 kmol Na ha(-1) (K(1.5) + Na(1.5)) were compared to a control treatment (C) with no K and Na applications. All the plots were fertilized with large amounts of the other nutrients. A positive effect of NaCl applications on the growth of E. grandis trees was observed. NaCl and KCl additions in treatments Na(3.0) and K(3.0) increased above-ground biomass by 56% and 130% three years after planting, respectively, in comparison with the C treatment. By contrast, accumulated litterfall up to age 3 years was not significantly modified. NaCl applications in the Na(3.0) treatment significantly increased Na accumulation in above-ground tree components but did not modify K accumulation, whatever the sampling age. A partial substitution of K by Na in tree physiology, as observed for various agricultural crops, might explain this behaviour. Our results suggest the possibility of applying inexpensive K fertilizers, which are less purified in Na, and explain why high yields are achieved without K fertilizer applications in areas with large dry depositions of marine aerosols. Further investigations are necessary to identify the processes involving Na in Eucalyptus tree physiology. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Universidade de São Paulo USP-COFECUBFAPESP[2002/11827-9]FAPESP[2005/60312-0]European Integrated Project `Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking`[515960]French Ministry of Foreign Affair

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications