Evolution signatures in genome network properties

Genomes maybe organized as networks where protein-protein association plays the role of network links. The resulting networks are far from being random and their topological properties are a consequence of the underlying mechanisms for genome evolution. Considering data on protein-protein association networks from STRING database, we present experimental evidence that degree distribution is not scale free, presenting an increased probability for high degree nodes. We also show that the degree distribution approaches a scale invariant state as the number of genes in the network increases, although real genomes still present finite size effects. Based on the experimental evidence unveiled by these data analyses, we propose a simulation model for genome evolution, where genes in a network are either acquired de novo using a preferential attachment rule, or duplicated, with a duplication probability that linearly grows with gene degree and decreases with its clustering coefficient. The results show that topological distributions are better described than in previous genome evolution models. This model correctly predicts that, in order to produce protein-protein association networks with number of links and number of nodes in the observed range, it is necessary 90% of gene duplication and 10% of de novo gene acquisition. If this scenario is true, it implies a universal mechanism for genome evolution

Políticas públicas, agricultura familiar e desenvolvimento rural no Norte do Tocantins: Um estudo sobre o intercâmbrio mercantil na cidade de Araguaína

The issue of rural development in Brazil has always been a major challenge, especially for family farming. In a way, the agricultural scenario has always favored large estates to the detriment of family farming. In this sense, this work sought to deepen the discussion on rural development, which is so relevant when it comes to combating rural poverty, hunger and unemployment. In order to do so, it was discussed how slow rural development took place in Brazil and how the creation of public policies aimed at family farming can contribute to human emancipation and to face food and nutritional insecurity, which have reached large masses in Brazil and in the world. . Old public policies, such as the National School Feeding Program, reformulated to serve family farming and combat food insecurity in schools, as well as the Food Acquisition Program, which emerged in a scenario of protagonism for family farming, were also addressed. in this research. It was also observed, in the open market, a traditional instrument of family agriculture that is still considered the main market for the flow of family agricultural production. Finally, the implementation and strengthening of public policies aimed at rural development for the insertion of family farmers can bring satisfactory results in rural and urban environments. In this sense, it is relevant to maintain and expand public policies that aim to guarantee the inclusion of family farmers in the mercantile exchange, necessary actions in the fight against unemployment and food insecurity. The open market, which is also part of the lower circuit of the urban economy, presents itself as a democratic channel for family farming to sell what it produces, therefore, this research portrays the difficulties experienced by farmers in participating in the mercantile exchange, be it institutional or in spaces public such as fairs.A questão do desenvolvimento rural no Brasil sempre foi um grande desafio, especialmente para a agricultura familiar. De certo modo, o cenário agrícola sempre favoreceu os grandes latifúndios em detrimento da agricultura familiar. Nesse sentindo, este trabalho buscou aprofundar a discussão sobre o desenvolvimento rural, tão relevante quando se trata do combate à pobreza rural, à fome e ao desemprego. Para tanto, foi abordado quão lento se deu o desenvolvimento rural no Brasil e como a criação de políticas públicas voltadas à agricultura familiar pode contribuir para a emancipação humana e para o enfrentamento da insegurança alimentar e nutricional, que tem atingido grandes massas no Brasil e no mundo. Políticas públicas antigas, como o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, reformulado para atender à agricultura familiar e combater à insegurança alimentar nas escolas, bem como o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos, que surgiu em um cenário de protagonismo para a agricultura familiar, também foram abordadas nesta pesquisa. Abordou-se igualmente a feira livre, um instrumento tradicional da agricultura familiar que ainda é considerado o principal mercado de escoação da produção agrícola familiar. Por fim, aborda-se o fato de a implementação e o fortalecimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao desenvolvimento rural para inserção de agricultores familiares poderem trazer resultados satisfatórios para os ambientes rural e urbano. Nesse sentido, são relevantes a manutenção e a ampliação de políticas públicas que visam a garantir a inserção de agricultores familiares no intercâmbio mercantil, ações necessárias no combate ao desemprego e à insegurança alimentar. A feira livre, que também faz parte do circuito inferior da economia urbana, se apresenta como um canal democrático para a agricultura familiar escoar o que produz. Portanto, esta pesquisa retrata as dificuldades vivenciadas por agricultores para participar do intercâmbio mercantil, seja ele institucional ou em espaços públicos, como as feiras livres

Amidst war: the press, catholicism and politics in the first two decades of the twentieth century

In the first two decades of the 20th century, prevented from creating a party inspired in the Deutsche Zemtrumspartei, the Catholics of Vozes de Petrópolis [Voices of Petrópolis] and of Centro da Boa Imprensa [Center of the Good Press] created periodicals and cultural institutions that would contribute to “re-Christianize” the Brazilian state. This article addresses a crucial moment of the construction of this project, analyzing, among other sources, the magazine Vozes de Petrópolis and friar Pedro Sinzig's essays A caricatura na imprensa brasileira {Caricature in the Brazilian press] and Em plena guerra [Amidst war]. Nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX, impedidos de criar um partido inspirado no Deutsche Zemtrumspartei, os católicos de Vozes de Petrópolis e do Centro da Boa Imprensa investiram na criação de periódicos e instituições culturais que contribuíssem para a “recristianização” do Estado brasileiro. Este artigo aborda um momento decisivo do processo de construção desse projeto analisando, dentre outras fontes, a revista Vozes de Petrópolis e os ensaios A caricatura na imprensa brasileira e Em plena guerra de frei Pedro Sinzig

As relações econômicas entre África do Sul e China no início do século XXI

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Sócio-Econômico. Economia.Esta monografia apresenta uma perspectiva acerca da história política e econômica da África do Sul, descrevendo alguns fatos desde o período da colonização sul africana, passando pelo anos em que foram implementados os atos regulamentadores, resultando no regime do apartheid no início dos anos 90, bem como a sua queda. Ainda se buscou explorar as heranças e consequências do apartheid na economia da África do Sul, retratando também sua política externa além do seu quadro econômico recente. Também é feito um resgate da história econômica chinesa, desde o ano de 1949, até as reformas feitas por Xiaoping, implementadas a partir de 1979, e com consequências até hoje. Por fim se traçará um paralelo entre a economia da África do Sul e da China no início do século XXI, ressaltando a interação econômica destes dois países

Chemical variability and biological activities of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils

Many plant species produce mixtures of odorous and volatile compounds known as essential oils (EOs). These mixtures play important roles in Nature and have been utilized by mankind for different purposes, such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, aromatherapy, and food flavorants. There are more than 3000 EOs reported in the literature, with approximately 300 in commercial use, including the EOs from Eucalyptus species. Most EOs from Eucalyptus species are rich in monoterpenes and many have found applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food flavorants, and perfumes. Such applications are related to their diverse biological and organoleptic properties. In this study, we review the latest information concerning the chemical composition and biological activities of EOs from different species of Eucalyptus. Among the 900 species and subspecies of the Eucalyptus genus, we examined 68 species. The studies associated with these species were conducted in 27 countries. We have focused on the antimicrobial, acaricidal, insecticidal and herbicidal activities, hoping that such information will contribute to the development of research in this field. It is also intended that the information described in this study can be useful in the rationalization of the use of Eucalyptus EOs as components for pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications as well as food preservatives and flavorants. View Full-Tex

Mating plugs and male sperm storage in Bothrops cotiara (Serpentes, Viperidae)

We describe two new aspects of male reproduction in the pit viper Bothrops cotiara: the formation of mating plugs and epididymal sperm storage. Based on histological analyses of specimens (four males and three females), we propose that long-term sperm storage occurs in the ductus deferens, whereas macroscopic hypertrophy indicates that the epididymis may be a short-term sperm storage site. Secretions of the sexual segment of the kidneys probably form the mating plug that males deposit in the female vagina during copulation. A mating plug without sperm was observed in the spring. Future studies should address the functions and longevity of mating plugs and the role of the epididymis in Bothrops reproduction.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Anim Biol Postgrad Programme, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, BrazilButantan Inst, Lab Ecol & Evolut, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Expt Neurol, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Dept Expt Neurol, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 2012/15037-4Web of Scienc

The carreau-yasuda fluids: a skin friction equation for turbulent flow in pipes and kolmogorov dissipative scales

In this work the turbulent flow of the Non-Newtonian Carreau-Yasuda fluid will be studied. A skin friction equation for the turbulent flow of Carreau-Yasuda fluids will be derived assuming a logarithmic behavior of the turbulent mean velocity for the near wall flow out of the viscous sub layer. An alternative near wall characteristic length scale which takes into account the effects of the relaxation time will be introduced. The characteristic length will be obtained through the analysis of viscous region near the wall. The results compared with experimental data obtained with Tylose (methyl hydroxil cellulose) solutions showing good agreement. The relations between scales integral and dissipative obtained for length, time, velocity, kinetic energy, and vorticity will be derived for this type of fluid. When the power law index approach to unity the relations reduces to Newtonian case

Evidências de elementos de institucionalização do Balanced Scorecard na obra "A estratégia em a ção": um olhar baseado na teoria institucional

O Balanced Scorecard (BSC) é uma metodologia que possibilita aos gestores definir e implementar um conjunto de indicadores, financeiros e não financeiros, de forma balanceada para avaliação do desempenho de uma organização sob quatro perspectivas. Muitas empresas que investem em sua implantação não obtêm o êxito esperado, situação essa que pode ser atribuída a diferentes fatores, como: problemas estratégicos, falhas no planejamento, definição de objetivos e metas mal formuladas. Entretanto, parcela do insucesso pode ser atribuída a não institucionalização de hábitos e rotinas. Nesse sentido, neste trabalho, objetiva-se, com base na Teoria Institucional, verificar, na obra "A Estratégia em Ação - Balanced Scorecard", se existem evidências de que o modelo do BSC proposto pelos autores (Kaplan & Norton) possui elementos que favoreçam a sua institucionalização. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliográfica qualitativa. Identificaram-se 404 evidências, classificadas conforme processos inerentes à institucionalização desenvolvidos por Tolbert e Zucker e à legitimação / legitimidade proposta por Scott. Com base nesses achados, depreende-se que a obra tem preocupação prioritária em legitimar o artefato junto às organizações, apresentando-o como um instrumento consagrado de gestão. Os aspectos para suporte ao estágio de semi-institucionalização (26% dos achados) e ao estágio de total institucionalização (10% dos achados) permitem concluir que os autores se preocupam em propor um artefato sem o foco efetivo em sua institucionalização, o que pode, de certa forma, justificar a grande dificuldade encontrada por muitas empresas que investem na implantação dessa metodologia.The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a methodology that allows managers to define and implement a set of financial or nonfinancial indicators in a balanced way to assess an organization's performance from four viewpoints. Many companies are unsuccessful in their implementation of the BSC. This lack of success may be attributed to different factors, such as strategic problems, planning failures, and poorly defined targets and goals. However, the failed implementation may be attributed in part to the failure to institutionalize habits and routines. In this regard, this objective of this paper is to use institutional theory to determine whether the book Strategy in Action: Balanced Scorecard contains evidence that the BSC model proposed by the authors (Kaplan & Norton) includes elements that favor the model's institutionalization. For this purpose, a qualitative bibliographic survey was prepared. The survey revealed 404 clues that were rated according to Tolbert and Zucker's description of the processes inherent to institutionalization and to Scott's proposed framework of legitimation/legitimizing. These findings suggest that the book primarily legitimizes the BSC by examining organizations and describes it as an acknowledged management instrument. The aspects supporting the semi-institutional stage (26% of the findings) and the total institutionalization stage (10% of findings) suggest that the authors intended to propose a tool without focusing on the institutionalization process, which may partly explain the great difficulty faced by companies attempting to implement this methodology