Preparation of porous stainless steel hollow-fibers through multi-modal particle size sintering towards pore engineering

The sintering of metal powders is an efficient and versatile technique to fabricate porous metal elements such as filters, diffusers, and membranes. Neck formation between particles is, however, critical to tune the porosity and optimize mass transfer in order to minimize the densification process. In this work, macro-porous stainless steel (SS) hollow-fibers (HFs) were fabricated by the extrusion and sintering of a dope comprised, for the first time, of a bimodal mixture of SS powders. The SS particles of different sizes and shapes were mixed to increase the neck formation between the particles and control the densification process of the structure during sintering. The sintered HFs from particles of two different sizes were shown to be more mechanically stable at lower sintering temperature due to the increased neck area of the small particles sintered to the large ones. In addition, the sintered HFs made from particles of 10 and 44 μm showed a smaller average pore size (<1 μm) as compared to the micron-size pores of sintered HFs made from particles of 10 μm only and those of 10 and 20 μm. The novel HFs could be used in a range of applications, from filtration modules to electrochemical membrane reactors

Silicon carbide on top of silicon substrate, towards non-linear integrated photonics application from the near to the mid-infrared

Cette thèse étudie la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de micro-disques de carbure de silicium sur substrat de silicium conçus pour opérer du proche au moyen infrarouge. Nous étudions une approche simple mais efficace permettant de supprimer les modes de galerie d'ordre supérieur tout en préservant le facteur de qualité du mode fondamental. Cette suppression, utile par exemple pour la génération de peignes de fréquence se base simplement sur la sous-gravure du pilier de silicium et est aisément transposable à d'autres plateformes ou longueurs d'onde. Le premier chapitre est une introduction générale aux micro-résonateurs à modes de galerie dans lequel nous décrivons la physique extrêmement riche de ces structures. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur les micro-disques de SiC à proprement parler. Nous commençons par une introduction générale du matériau puis nous simulons la propagation de la lumière dans les résonateurs pour concevoir des structures innovantes. En utilisant l'indice de réfraction optique supérieur du Si à celui du SiC, nous montrons qu'il est possible de supprimer les modes radiaux d'ordre supérieur. Nous traitons ensuite brièvement des étapes de fabrication. Le troisième chapitre regroupe les expériences réalisées sur les micro-disques. Des premières caractérisations par couplage évanescent dans le proche infrarouge permettent d'identifier les modes de galerie du résonateur. Ensuite, des caractérisations sur des disques de sous-gravure inférieure mettent en évidence la suppression des modes d'ordre supérieur. Nous réalisons enfin une étude thermo-optique du matériau afin de valider son emploi à forte puissance et haute température, des régimes dans lesquels le SiC se démarque des autres matériaux d'optique intégrée. Pour terminer, nous consacrons le dernier chapitre aux perspectives pour l'optique non-linéaire et le moyen infrarouge où nous proposons une étude de l’ingénierie de la dispersion qui doit nous permettre, à l’avenir, de réaliser des sources de type peigne de fréquence.This Ph.D. thesis studies the design, fabrication and characterization of silicon carbide micro-disks on top of silicon designed to operate from the near to the mid-IR. We study a simple but efficient approach leading to the suppression of higher order whispering gallery modes while preserving the fundamental mode's quality factor. This suppression, typically useful for frequency comb generation is simply based of the silicon pillar under etching and can be easily transferred to other material platforms and wavelengths. The first chapter is a general introduction of whispering gallery mode micro-resonator in which we describe the extremely complex and diverse physics of these structures. The second chapter is focused on SiC micro-disks themselves. We begin with a general introduction of the material to continue by simulating light propagation inside these resonators to be able to design innovative structures. Using the higher optical refractive index of silicon compared to the one of silicon carbide, we demonstrate that it is possible to suppress higher radial modes. We then briefly describe the fabrication processes. The third chapter gather the experimental studies lead on the micro-disks. First characterizations by evanescent coupling in the near infrared enable us to identify the whispering gallery modes inside the resonator. Characterization on micro-disks with smaller under-etching then enables us to demonstrate the higher suppression. We finally lead a thermo-optic study of the material to validate its compatibility to high power and high temperature regimes in which SiC stand out from other integrated optics materials. Finally, the last chapter is dedicated to non-linear optics and mid-infrared perspectives. We propose a dispersion study that, we hope, should enable the generation of Kerr frequency combs sources in a near future

Etude de micro-disques de carbure de silicium sur substrat de silicium, vers une application d’optique non-linéaire intégrée du proche au moyen infrarouge

This Ph.D. thesis studies the design, fabrication and characterization of silicon carbide micro-disks on top of silicon designed to operate from the near to the mid-IR. We study a simple but efficient approach leading to the suppression of higher order whispering gallery modes while preserving the fundamental mode's quality factor. This suppression, typically useful for frequency comb generation is simply based of the silicon pillar under etching and can be easily transferred to other material platforms and wavelengths. The first chapter is a general introduction of whispering gallery mode micro-resonator in which we describe the extremely complex and diverse physics of these structures. The second chapter is focused on SiC micro-disks themselves. We begin with a general introduction of the material to continue by simulating light propagation inside these resonators to be able to design innovative structures. Using the higher optical refractive index of silicon compared to the one of silicon carbide, we demonstrate that it is possible to suppress higher radial modes. We then briefly describe the fabrication processes. The third chapter gather the experimental studies lead on the micro-disks. First characterizations by evanescent coupling in the near infrared enable us to identify the whispering gallery modes inside the resonator. Characterization on micro-disks with smaller under-etching then enables us to demonstrate the higher suppression. We finally lead a thermo-optic study of the material to validate its compatibility to high power and high temperature regimes in which SiC stand out from other integrated optics materials. Finally, the last chapter is dedicated to non-linear optics and mid-infrared perspectives. We propose a dispersion study that, we hope, should enable the generation of Kerr frequency combs sources in a near future.Cette thèse étudie la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de micro-disques de carbure de silicium sur substrat de silicium conçus pour opérer du proche au moyen infrarouge. Nous étudions une approche simple mais efficace permettant de supprimer les modes de galerie d'ordre supérieur tout en préservant le facteur de qualité du mode fondamental. Cette suppression, utile par exemple pour la génération de peignes de fréquence se base simplement sur la sous-gravure du pilier de silicium et est aisément transposable à d'autres plateformes ou longueurs d'onde. Le premier chapitre est une introduction générale aux micro-résonateurs à modes de galerie dans lequel nous décrivons la physique extrêmement riche de ces structures. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur les micro-disques de SiC à proprement parler. Nous commençons par une introduction générale du matériau puis nous simulons la propagation de la lumière dans les résonateurs pour concevoir des structures innovantes. En utilisant l'indice de réfraction optique supérieur du Si à celui du SiC, nous montrons qu'il est possible de supprimer les modes radiaux d'ordre supérieur. Nous traitons ensuite brièvement des étapes de fabrication. Le troisième chapitre regroupe les expériences réalisées sur les micro-disques. Des premières caractérisations par couplage évanescent dans le proche infrarouge permettent d'identifier les modes de galerie du résonateur. Ensuite, des caractérisations sur des disques de sous-gravure inférieure mettent en évidence la suppression des modes d'ordre supérieur. Nous réalisons enfin une étude thermo-optique du matériau afin de valider son emploi à forte puissance et haute température, des régimes dans lesquels le SiC se démarque des autres matériaux d'optique intégrée. Pour terminer, nous consacrons le dernier chapitre aux perspectives pour l'optique non-linéaire et le moyen infrarouge où nous proposons une étude de l’ingénierie de la dispersion qui doit nous permettre, à l’avenir, de réaliser des sources de type peigne de fréquence

Dispersion engineered air-clad SiGe waveguides with low propagation loss in the mid-infrared

International audienc

Toward mid-infrared nonlinear optics applications of silicon carbide microdisks engineered by lateral under-etching [Invited]

International audienc

Alternative passive fiber coupling system based on multi-plane light conversion for satellite-to-ground communications

Global coverage of internet access is essential for digitalization in society, becoming a disruptive technology in industry, education or political participation for example. Satellite communications is a complementary approach to the terrestrial fiber network, which can provide world-wide coverage with few satellites in geostationary orbit or with low-earth-orbit constellations. Optical wavelengths offer multiple THz of available spectrum that can be used to connect satellites to the ground network with high-throughput links, solving the radiofrequency bandwidth bottleneck, without regulations. Cloud covereage and atmospheric turbulence are the main challenge in guaranteeing the same availability as in terrestrial fiber-based systems. While the former can be addressed by site diversity, for the latter, other mitigation strategies are required. Adaptive optics is a common approach to correct for atmospheric phase distortions and ensure stable fiber coupling. However, this approach requires a relatively complex active setup and therefore a collaboration between DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation and Cailabs has been formed to investigate alternative passive solutions for low-complexity ground stations. Coupling into multimode fibers does not require adaptive optics due to the large fiber core, however the coupled signal is distributed into multiple fiber-modes and is therefore incompatible with standard telecommunications components. Cailabs Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC) technology overcomes this issue, selectively demultiplexing the fibermodes into single-mode fibers. Here, DLR's adaptive optics system and the MPLC technology in a turbulence-relevant environment for GEO communications are compared, investigating the advantages of the MPLC approach for compensating strong turbulence. This paper presents an overview of the measurement setup and analyzes the single-mode fibers outputs of the spatial demultiplexer and the measured phase-distortions from a wavefront sensor

Broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in low loss dispersion engineered silicon-germanium waveguide

International audienc

Dispersion engineered air-clad SiGe waveguides with low propagation loss in the mid-infrared

Summary form only given. Photonic devices operating in the mid-IR (3 μm to 13μm wavelength range) are of great interest for a wide range of applications, such as free-space communications, environmental monitoring or defence. Group IV-based material platforms [1], such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI)[2] and silicon-on-sapphire (SOS)[3] have attracted significant interest for mid-IR integrated photonics. However, absorption in silica beyond 3.5 μm and in sapphire beyond 5.5 μm eventually limits the operational wavelength band of these platforms. More recently, silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys, with a transparency window potentially extending up to 13 μm depending on the Ge content [4] have emerged as an attractive alternative platform for mid-IR photonics [5-7]. In [6, 7] we reported Si 0.6 Ge 0.4 waveguides buried-in silicon with propagation loss of around 1dB/cm at 4μm, and nonlinear properties somewhat comparable to crystalline silicon between 3.5μm and 5μm