Effectiveness of Group Counselling on Improvement of Marital Relationship in Infidelity-Affected Mothers of Students in Tehran City

 Disclosure of infidelity may have destructive effects both on couples and children. Given the fact that children’s physical and psychological health depends on their parents’ healthy mutual relationship, attending improvement of couples’ relationships after infidelity disclosure seems necessary. The present study aimed to determine effectiveness of group counselling on improvement of marital relationship in infidelity-affected mothers. This applied study used quasi-experimental design with pre-posttest approach. Of the study population comprising all infidelity-affected mothers of students in Tehran city who had referred to counselling centers of Department of Education, 16 mothers were selected and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups.  Vaughan’s Spouse Infidelity Questionnaire and scholar-made Improvement of Marital Relations Questionnaire were used. The experimental group received 20 sessions of group counselling twice weekly. Data were analyzed via covariance and multivariable variance analysis. The results confirmed positive effects of group counselling on improvement of marital relationships (F = 11/10, p<. 0.05 ) and verbal communication skills (F=12.188, P<0.05) in infidelity-affected mothers, but it was not effective for enhancing security feeling of students growing up in these families (F=1. 139, p<0.05)

Effectiveness of Group Counselling on Improvement of Marital Relationship in Infidelity-Affected Mothers of Students in Tehran City

 Disclosure of infidelity may have destructive effects both on couples and children. Given the fact that children’s physical and psychological health depends on their parents’ healthy mutual relationship, attending improvement of couples’ relationships after infidelity disclosure seems necessary. The present study aimed to determine effectiveness of group counselling on improvement of marital relationship in infidelity-affected mothers. This applied study used quasi-experimental design with pre-posttest approach. Of the study population comprising all infidelity-affected mothers of students in Tehran city who had referred to counselling centers of Department of Education, 16 mothers were selected and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups.  Vaughan’s Spouse Infidelity Questionnaire and scholar-made Improvement of Marital Relations Questionnaire were used. The experimental group received 20 sessions of group counselling twice weekly. Data were analyzed via covariance and multivariable variance analysis. The results confirmed positive effects of group counselling on improvement of marital relationships (F = 11/10, p<. 0.05 ) and verbal communication skills (F=12.188, P<0.05) in infidelity-affected mothers, but it was not effective for enhancing security feeling of students growing up in these families (F=1. 139, p<0.05)

Surgery and Epidemic Treatments for Women's Uterine Diseases from Islamic Perspective (From the Third to the Ninth Century AH)

زمینه و هدف: در این پژوهش نظرات و ابتکارات پزشکان مسلمان در طی قرون سوم تا نهم قمری، در مورد روش‌های جراحی و درمان بیماری‌های رحمی زنان مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است تا با نگاه اجمالی به پیشینه نقش جراحی در توسعه دانش پزشکی مسلمانان به شناخت برخی بیماری‌های رحمی رایج زنان و ناباروری و راه‌های درمان آن از منظر اطبای اسلامی پرداخته شود. مواد و روش‌ها: روش انجام این پژوهش بر اساس مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای و بررسی نسخ و کتب پزشکی قدیم بوده است تا به شکل مطالعه مروری و توصیفی به بررسی آرا و نظرات اطبای اسلامی و روش‌های جراحی بیماری‌های رحمی زنان از منظر آنان بپردازد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: صداقت و امانتداری در ارائه گزارش و انتشار مطالب رعایت گردید. یافته‌ها: این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که پزشکان مسلمان علاوه بر تجویز روش‌های دارویی جهت درمان بیماری‌های رحمی زنان و دیگر بیماری‌ها، از روش‌های جراحی و یداوی نیز مانند قطع‌کردن، شکافتن، رگ‌زدن (فصد)، حجامت و سوزاندن برای علاج بیماری‌های رحمی زنان استفاده می‌کرده‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: نوآوری و خلاقیت روش‌های درمانی پزشکان مسلمان برای درمان بیماری‌های رحمی زنان در دوره مورد بحث و به خصوص نقش جراحی در درمان آن‌ها، نشان دهد پزشکان مسلمان با تشریح و بررسی کامل بیماری‌های زنان راه‌های درمانی مناسب و مفید برای رفع این بیماری‌ها ارائه نموده و در مواقع لزوم از جراحی، به گونه‌ای که کم‌ترین عارضه را برای بیمار داشته باشد، استفاده می‌کردند.Background and Aim: In this research, the views and initiatives of Muslim physicians during the 3rd-9th centuries of Hurghada have been investigated on surgical methods and treatment of uterine diseases in women. In order to overview the history of surgical role in the development of medical knowledge Muslims will be aware of some of the common uterine diseases of women and infertility and ways to treat them from the Islamic perspective. Materials and Methods: The method of this research was based on library study and review of old medical manuscripts and books, To conduct a descriptive review study of the views and opinions of Islamic physicians and surgical methods of uterine diseases of women from their perspective. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trust in reporting and publishing were respected. Findings: This study shows that Muslim doctors, in addition to prescribing medicines for the treatment of uterine diseases of women and other diseases, also use surgical and surgical techniques such as: Czutting, fissuring, veining, cupping and burning to cure diseases. The womb was used by women. Conclusion: The innovation and creativity of Muslim doctors for the treatment of women's uterine diseases in the course of the discussion, and in particular the role of surgery in their treatment, shows that Muslim doctors, with a detailed description of the diseases of women, provide appropriate and useful therapies for the treatment of these diseases and used surgical procedures as needed to minimize the outcome for the patient.   Please cite this article as: Ahmadvand Z, Montazeral-Qaem A, Kasiri M, Alian F. Surgery and Epidemic Treatments for Women's Uterine Diseases from Islamic Perspective (From the Third to the Ninth Century AH). Med Hist J 2019; 11(38): 7-18. &nbsp

The predictive value of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin chemical biomarkers in the premature diagnosis of infection in brain ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND: The infections are common complications after the ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticipatory value of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) biomarkers in diagnosis of stroke-induced infection.METHODS: In the current prospective study, 184 patients with cerebral ischemia were enrolled. Serum samples were obtained from patients. The CRP and PCT, white blood cells (WBCs) and monocytes, and final infections were evaluated.RESULTS: In the first 72 hours, the analysis for CRP revealed that the sensitivity was 41.60%, the specificity was 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) was 100%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 82.90%. PCT showed that the sensitivity was 85.41%, the specificity was 98.54%, PPV was 95.34%, and NPV was 95%.CONCLUSION: According to our findings, the evaluation of CRP and PCT with simultaneous clinical observation could be considered as a good step in start of antibiotic therapy

Alternative Methods for Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (ECVs) are nano-sized vesicles released by all cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Their role has been implicated mainly in cell–cell communication, but also in disease biomarkers and more recently in gene delivery. They represent a snapshot of the cell status at the moment of release and carry bioreactive macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. A major limitation in this emerging new field is the availability/awareness of techniques to isolate and properly characterize ECVs. The lack of gold standards makes comparing different studies very difficult and may potentially hinder some ECVs-specific evidence. Characterization of ECVs has also recently seen many advances with the use of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, flow cytometry, cryo-electron microscopy instruments, and proteomic technologies. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in translational technologies involving characterization methods including the facts in their support and the challenges they face

The unfinished agenda of communicable diseases among children and adolescents before the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Communicable disease control has long been a focus of global health policy. There have been substantial reductions in the burden and mortality of communicable diseases among children younger than 5 years, but we know less about this burden in older children and adolescents, and it is unclear whether current programmes and policies remain aligned with targets for intervention. This knowledge is especially important for policy and programmes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to use the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 to systematically characterise the burden of communicable diseases across childhood and adolescence. METHODS: In this systematic analysis of the GBD study from 1990 to 2019, all communicable diseases and their manifestations as modelled within GBD 2019 were included, categorised as 16 subgroups of common diseases or presentations. Data were reported for absolute count, prevalence, and incidence across measures of cause-specific mortality (deaths and years of life lost), disability (years lived with disability [YLDs]), and disease burden (disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]) for children and adolescents aged 0-24 years. Data were reported across the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and across time (1990-2019), and for 204 countries and territories. For HIV, we reported the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) as a measure of health system performance. FINDINGS: In 2019, there were 3·0 million deaths and 30·0 million years of healthy life lost to disability (as measured by YLDs), corresponding to 288·4 million DALYs from communicable diseases among children and adolescents globally (57·3% of total communicable disease burden across all ages). Over time, there has been a shift in communicable disease burden from young children to older children and adolescents (largely driven by the considerable reductions in children younger than 5 years and slower progress elsewhere), although children younger than 5 years still accounted for most of the communicable disease burden in 2019. Disease burden and mortality were predominantly in low-SDI settings, with high and high-middle SDI settings also having an appreciable burden of communicable disease morbidity (4·0 million YLDs in 2019 alone). Three cause groups (enteric infections, lower-respiratory-tract infections, and malaria) accounted for 59·8% of the global communicable disease burden in children and adolescents, with tuberculosis and HIV both emerging as important causes during adolescence. HIV was the only cause for which disease burden increased over time, particularly in children and adolescents older than 5 years, and especially in females. Excess MIRs for HIV were observed for males aged 15-19 years in low-SDI settings. INTERPRETATION: Our analysis supports continued policy focus on enteric infections and lower-respiratory-tract infections, with orientation to children younger than 5 years in settings of low socioeconomic development. However, efforts should also be targeted to other conditions, particularly HIV, given its increased burden in older children and adolescents. Older children and adolescents also experience a large burden of communicable disease, further highlighting the need for efforts to extend beyond the first 5 years of life. Our analysis also identified substantial morbidity caused by communicable diseases affecting child and adolescent health across the world. FUNDING: The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence for Driving Investment in Global Adolescent Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. FINDINGS: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. INTERPRETATION: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Studying the Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of Physical and Mental Health Questionnaire, Based on the Holistic Wellness Model

Abstract Background: Mental health is an important aspect of health and the World Health Organization defines health as "full physical, mental and social welfare, and not merely the absence of disease". Given that 79 percent of the health education focused on physical aspects, in fact, the most focus is on biological parameters of people to measure their health. So we need a valid questionnaire to measure mentally and physically the health of people in the research community. Materials and Methods: The Holistic Wellness Model reflects that the researches is done on health which is different in variant cultures perspectives.102 managers and officials of Islamic Azad University of Arak participated in this studyin 2014 and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were analyzed using the software SPSS20. Results: 102 people were enrolled in this study, 74 males (72.5%) and the rest were female. Cronbach' Alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.93.In all six aspects which reviewed, the correlation between all questions and its perspective was measured by using Spearman test. There was a significant positive correlation among all the questions and the related aspects. Conclusion: The Persian version of physical and mental health questionnaire, based on the Holistic Wellness Model, is suitable to assess the health of people. Also, validity and reliability is appropriate

Sanctity and its connection with folk medicine in the Safavid period

زمینه و هدف: طب عامیانه­ ی دوره ­ی صفوی تحت تأثیر نوعی فراگیر شدن تقدس­گرایی قـرار گرفت که برتافته از یک فـرآیند همه‌گیرِ سیاسی- اجتماعی- فرهنگی بود. ایـن تقدس­ گرایی، هم­زمان، بر باورهای طبّی و رفتارهای معطوف به پیشگیری/ درمان طبقات اجتماعی تأثیر گذاشت و به طیفی از کنش ­های درمانی- پیشگیرانه در وجه عامیانه ­ی آن دامن زد. در واقع آنچه رخ داده یا به نوعی تقویت و شایع شد، این بود که به مجموعه ­ای از پدیده­ های انسانی، مصنوعات بشری و امور طبیعی برچسب تقدس زده شد و همین مسئله، انگاره ­ی درمانی/ طبّی این پدیده ­ها را در باورهای عامه­ی مردم تقویت کرد. مواد و روش‌ها: روش انجام اين پژوهش براساس مطالعه کتابخانه­ اي و بررسي نسخ اصلي و کتب پزشکي قديم بوده است تا به شکل توصیفی- تحلیلی، بسترهای رونق تقدس­گرایی در عصر صفویه مورد تأمّل و نسبت طب عامیانه با این پدیده مورد واکاوی قرار گیرد. یافته‌ها: فرآیند همه‌گیرِ سیاسی- اجتماعی- فرهنگی دوره صفوی، سبب شد تا مجموعه­ ای از خواسته ­ها، نیازها و معضلات طبّی و مسائل مربوط به پیشگیری و درمان در تناسب با این مجموعه ­ی مقدس شکل بگیرد و طب عامیانه را در پیوندی عمیق با فرهنگ اعتقادی و باورهای تقدس­گرایانه قرار دهد. ملاحظات اخلاقی: صداقت و امانت­داری در تحلیل، گزارش و انتشار مطالب رعایت گردید. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که تقدس­ گرایی فراگیر در دوره صفوی، به مجموعه ­ای از کنش­ های طبّی و رفتارها و باورهای عامیانه حول دو محور پیشگیری و درمان دامن زد و آن را به مثابه­ی یک نُرم یا رفتار طبّی عامیانه برجسته ساخت.Background and Aim: The folk medicine of the Safavid period was influenced by a kind of pervasiveness of sanctity that arose from a pervasive political-social-cultural process. At the same time, this sanctity influenced medical beliefs and behaviors aimed at preventing / treating social classes And fueled a range of therapeutic-preventive actions in its popular form. In fact, what happened, or was somewhat reinforced and spread, was that a set of human phenomena, human artifacts, and natural affairs were labeled sacred, and this gave rise to the therapeutic / medical notion of these phenomena. It strengthened the popular beliefs of the people. Materials and Methods: The method of this research is based on the study of libraries and the study of original manuscripts and ancient medical books in order to reflect descriptively-analytically, the contexts of the prosperity of sanctity in the Safavid era and the relationship between folk medicine and this phenomenon. Findings: The pervasive socio-political process of the Safavid period led to the formation of a set of demands, needs and medical problems and issues related to prevention and treatment in accordance with this sacred set, and folk medicine in deep connection with Put a culture of belief and sanctimonious beliefs. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and fidelity were observed in the analysis, reporting and publication of materials. Conclusion: The results showed that the pervasive sanctity in the Safavid period, encouraged a set of medical practices and popular behaviors and beliefs around the two axes of prevention and treatment and highlighted it as a norm or popular medical behavior.   Cite this article as: Alian F, Kasiri M, Sangari E, Ahmadi N. Sanctity and its connection with folk medicine in the Safavid period. Medical History Journal 2021; 13(46): e20