Seismic evaluation of masonry structures strengthened with reinforced concrete layers

Coating the walls with reinforced concrete layers is a conventional method of strengthening masonry structures in Iran. However, due to the lack of analytical and experimental information about the behavior of strengthened masonry wall with this method, the design of these walls is generally conducted based on empirical relations and decisions which may result in uneconomical or under-designed strengthening details. This paper aims at developing a rational method for design and seismic evaluation of unreinforced masonry walls strengthened with reinforced concrete (RC) layers. In the proposed method four failure modes are considered for these walls and the strength relations and acceptance criteria for each of them are provided in accordance with FEMA 356 and ASCE 41 relations for reinforced concrete and masonry walls. The accuracy of the proposed method in predicting the nonlinear behavior and governing failure modes of the strengthened walls is validated by comparing the results with available experimental and performed numerical results

A simplified model for analysis of unreinforced masonry shear walls under combined axial, shear and flexural loading

A macro computational model is presented in this study for simulating the nonlinear static behavior of masonry walls. The adopted strategy is based on modeling the nonlinear behavior of masonry elements considering it as an orthotropic material and then extending it with a simple method to masonry walls. The model is capable of considering shear and flexural deformations in the global behavior. It can also predict all possible failure modes in masonry such as compressive crushing, bed-joint sliding, rocking, diagonal tension cracking and diagonal stepped cracking. Suitable material constitutive models and failure criteria are adopted for each failure mode under biaxial stress states. The contact density model has been modified and used for simulating the shear behavior in the masonry joints. It is shown that the analysis results are in good agreement with experimental observations, while the analysis time is significantly lower comparing to the usual numerical approaches such as finite element methods. Moreover, the proposed model can be used as a macro-model for analysis of large structures and provides reasonable accuracy.(undefined

Examining the jurisprudential ruling on "Astrology and its teaching and learning" from the perspective of contemporary jurisprudence

"Tanjim" means "belief in the effect of the state of the constellations and the movement of stars in human life and terrestrial events" is one of the topics that have long been of interest to humans, including Muslims. The existence of some narrations, for or against this issue, has caused the jurists of Islamic religions to disagree about its permission or sanctity. As far as it is mentioned in Shiite jurisprudential books as one of the forbidden achievements. The issues related to the jurisprudential ruling of Tanjim can be examined in four areas; The principle of entering the discussion of stars and astronomy; Teaching and learning it; Practice it; and acquire it. In this research, in a descriptive-analytical manner, with the information obtained from the library method, and by analyzing the narrations, we examine the arguments of the jurists of the two sects in the second area. Research findings show that; The teaching of astrology is permissible and sometimes recommended if it means astronomy and cosmology. However, it is forbidden if it requires other prohibitions, such as believing in the independent influence of the stars in terrestrial events, or their association with God, lying, or foretelling suspicious matters

Gender Identification Based on the Parameters of the Sternum Bone in the Cadavers

Background: Identifying identity in the absence of large bones becomes more difficult and complicated; accordingly, it is highly beneficial to use the features of the sternum. The present study aimed to evaluate the dimensions of the sternum and its relation with gender in the Iranian population.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 cadavers (100 men and 100 women). By performing an autopsy, the sternum bone was first cut in the midline using a vibrating saw, and the different dimensions were measured using a caliper.Results: Among different dimensions related to the sternum, the mean length of manubrium, mesosternum, the largest width of manubrium, and the shortest width of manubrium were significantly higher in men compared to women. Regarding the value of each sternal diameter in discriminating male and female gender, the highest discriminative value was specified to the shortest width of manubrium (cutoff: 26.75, sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 84.0%), followed by the length of sternebrae 1 (cutoff: 8.45, sensitivity: 76.0%, specificity: 21.0%).Conclusion: Measuring various indices of sternum bone, particularly the shortest width of the manubrium and the length of sternebrae 1, leads to gender identity accurately

A Comparative Study of the Nature of Ransom and Wise from the Perspective of Feyz Kashani and Imam Khomeini

The nature of ransom and the issue of guaranteeing wisdom is one of the important issues in jurisprudence and law; various views have been expressed about it so far. The connection between the two goes back to the nature of ransom; if we consider ransom as a mere punishment, it is in conflict with the principle of personal punishment but if we consider the ransom as compensation, or consider it dual in nature, there will be no conflict between this rule and the principle. In this article, an attempt has been made to the nature of ransom and wisdom should be examined from the perspective of Feyz Kashani and Imam Khomeini, the basic question that arises in this regard is that; how can the views of Feyz Kashani and Imam Khomeini regarding the nature of ransom and wisdom be evaluated? The present article is an analytical description and has used the library method to examine the question. The results of the article indicate that; from the point of view of Feyz Kashani and also Imam Khomeini, ransom has a dual nature; because ransom, as an independent legal entity, has a civil aspect and compensates the damages and losses inflicted on the victim or his parents, on the other hand, it has a criminal aspect and provides the means of punishment and learning lessons for the perpetrator. Also, the payment made by the wise has been accepted from the point of view of Feyz Kashani and Imam Khomeini. Accordingly, whenever a non-Muslim citizen from Dhimma commits a pure mistake and is unable to pay the ransom, whenever a murderer commits premeditated murder and then escapes and he and his relatives have no money, whenever the person who committed the murder of a pure mistake does not have the wisdom of paying the wise ransom, or if his wisdom is incapable, the payment of ransom will be the responsibility of the treasury. From Imam Khomeini's point of view, the most important basis of the government's responsibility as a wise man is the rule of "Al-Kharaj bi Al-Dhiman" but Feyz Kashani has not discussed this issue

Comparison of sf-36 and whoqol-bref in measuring quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A Comparative Study of the Effect of Midazolam-Ketamine and Midazolam-Propofol in Children 1 to 10 years old

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of midazolam-ketamine and midazolam-propofol in children aged 1 to 10 years under endoscopy.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 60 children aged 1 to 10 years old who were non-emergency candidates for upper gastrointestinal tracheal endoscopy who referred to the pediatric medical center hospital. The samples were randomly divided in quadruple blocks into two groups of midazolam-ketamine and midazolam-propofol. Both groups were injected 0.05 mg / kg of midazolam and group one received 2 mg / kg of ketamine and the second group received 2mg / kg of propofol and oxygen was administered to the patient. Age, sex, weight of referral time, duration of patient's stay in recovery, mean endoscopic time, respiratory state based on saturation, gagging condition and presence of nausea and vomiting, recovery time after endoscopy, until complete waking, apnea, laryngospasm and insufficiency level of anesthesia was recorded by a third person on the checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and Chi-square and independent t-test.Results: The mean age, mean endoscopy duration in minutes, mean of weight, frequency of sex, gag reflux rate, and incidence of insufficiency anaesthesia in two groups were not significantly different. But the average recovery time in minutes was significantly different in the two groups. The incidence of nausea and vomiting in the midazolam-ketamine group (33.3%) was more than midazolam-propofol (10%) (P = 0.05). The incidence of apnea in the midazolam-ketamine (0%) group was less than midazolam-propofol (23.3%) (P = 0.005). The incidence of laryngospasm was negative in all patients. The incidence of o2Sat less than 90 in the midazolam-ketamine (3.3%) group was less than midazolam-propofol group (23.3%) (P = 0.02).Conclusion: Pain and restlessness during children's endoscopy necessitate the use of medication for sedation during endoscopy