کاربرد درمانی گنه‌گنه در تاریخ ایران

Background and Aim: Diseases have been a major concern in human history and in human societies throughout history. On this basis, people always resort to scientific and sometimes inefficient methods to relieve their illness and to relieve pain and heal the suffering. Based on the importance of one of the most important diseases, such as fever, which during thousands of years in Iran and non-Iran was one of the major diseases and was among the most endemic diseases, which sometimes caused death. Materials and Methods: The present study seeks to investigate the effect of one of the most important imported and non-indigenous drugs in the treatment of this disease, and by describing the history and nature of the drug, known as "Quinine", the prevalence and methods of using its understanding during the Qajar period. Findings: Hence, by studying the historical Qajar books and domestic and foreign travel logbooks, with a descriptive-analytical approach the results are as follows; although the Iranians used certain drugs to relieve a variety of fever; However, with the introduction of Quinine at the end of the 12th century and its efficacy in fixing chronic fever (ague), the drug was particularly welcomed by the people And used by Iranian and foreign physicians and general population in the form of rubbing, edible and injectable.   Please cite this article as: Kavyani Pooya H, Chahian Boroujeni AA. The Application of Therapeutic Quinine in Iran History. Med Hist J 2018; 10(36): 73-87. Referencesزمینه و هدف: با توجه به اهمیت یکی از بیماری‌های بسیار مهم مانند تب که در طول هزاران سال در ایران و غیر ایران از امراض اصلی و در زمره بیماری‌های همه‌گیر و طاقت‌فرسا به شمار می‌رفت. پژوهش پیش رو درصدد است تأثیر یکی از داروهای مهم وارداتی و غیر بومی را در رفع این بیماری بررسی کرده و با ذکر تاریخچه این دارو (گنه‌گنه)، میزان شیوع و شیوه‌های استفاده از آن را در ایران دریابد. مواد و روش‌ها: با مطالعه کتب تاریخی عصر قاجار و سفرنامه‌‌های داخلی که توسط صاحب‌منصبان ایرانی نگاشته شده و اوضاع اجتماعی ایران و شرح حال خویشتن را بیان کرده‌اند و همینطور با رجوع به سفرنامه‌های خارجی در ایران دوران قاجار که شاهد عینی نوع درمانگری ایرانیان و شیوع و کاربرد داروها برای انواع امراض رایج بوده‌اند، این پژوهش سعی دارد با رویکردی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی اطلاعات موجود در خصوص داروی گنه‌گنه را استخراج و ارائه کند. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصله در پی کاوش در منابع و مأخذ بدین قرار است که گرچه ایرانیان برای رفع انواع تب از داروهای خاصی بهره می‌بردند، اما با ورود داروی گنه‌گنه در اواخر سده دوازدهم هجری و کارآمدی آن در رفع تب‌های مزمن (نوبه) این دارو با استقبال ویژه‌ای از سوی مردم مواجه شده و در بین پزشکان ایرانی و خارجی و عموم مردم به صورت خوراکی، مالیدنی و تزریقی به کار گرفته شد و به سبب اهمیت آن، گنه‌گنه در منازل و سفرها به گونه پودرشده و محلول و گاه در کنار دیگر داروها و ادویه‌ها مورد استفاده قرار می‌گرفت. نتیجه‌گیری: در اواخر سده دوازدهم به دلیل بروز و شیوع فراگیر بیماری تب که تحت تأثیر شرایط اقلیمی در ایران بروز می‌کرد، داروی گنه‌گنه (کینین) که از داروهای بومی آمریکای جنوبی بود، در ایران به طور قابل ملاحظه‌ای مورد توجه و بهره‌بری قرار گرفت. بدین‌سان نه‌تنها داروی مذکور به صورت‌های مختلف برای رفع تب‌های مزمن مورد استفاده قرار می‌گرفت، بلکه رغبت به استفاده از این دارو سبب شده بود که حتی در مواردی برای امراض و کسالت‌های دیگر مانند زدودن ضعف مزاج، ناتوانی جنسی و درمان آماس‌های طحال و کبد نیز استفاده از گنه‌گنه به صورت شربت (جوهر گنه‌گنه)، پودر و یا به صورت تزریقی صورت پذیرد

Explaining and Designing the Pattern of Dynamism and Persistence of the Higher Education System: Grounded Theory Approach

Even though there is a general agreement on the importance of the role of Persistence in higher education, a model that uniquely assesses the role and impact of Dynamism and Persistence on universities has not been presented and no explicit explanation has been made. Considering the pivotal role of the Dynamism and Persistence of higher education in the framework of the qualitative approach and applying the research methodology of Grounded theory, we are going to explain the Dynamism and Persistence model of the higher education system in the universities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to collect information and use a targeted sampling method with 18 experts familiar with the topics of higher education. Data analysis was performed in three stages: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The results show that 390 codes or the initial concept of interviews, as well as 40 concepts and 23 categories, are presented in the form of a paradigmatic model, including the development of multiple capacities and capabilities of higher education as the core category and the causative conditions (qualified faculty, diversity Educational and research programs, development of applied research, combined training capacity, university interaction with industries, flexible and practical curriculum), underlying factors (multiple educational facilities, motivation of professors, student attraction at all levels, appropriate social communication, development of online systems ), Interventional conditions (attraction and promotion, student empowerment, Q. Development strategies, appropriate image of universities), strategies (foreign students, human resource empowerment, new training capacities), post-secondary factors (individual-organizational levels)

Detection of N-RAS gene mutations in codons 12,13 and 61 in patients with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Background: Acute leukemia is the prevalent malignancy in pediatrics. One of the most important causing factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is mutations of proto oncogenes and their chang in to oncogenes. Activation of N-RAS proto-oncogene due to point mutations plays a major role in ALL malignancy. Since there was no report on the frequency of N-RAS gene mutation in Iranian pediatric ALL patients, therefore we decided to determine its frequency and compare the results with age, sex and type of ALL. Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 pediatric ALL patients from Tehran Mahak hospital were screened for the mutations of N-RAS gene at codons 12 ,13 1nd 61.DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples before the start of chemotherapy. The above mentioned codons were amplified by PCR and analyzed by restriction endonuclease enzymes. Results: We could detect mutations in 7 cases of 60(11.7%) patients. Most of the mutations were detected in males with an age less than 5 years old. The frequency of mutations for codons 12, 13 and 61 were 8.3%,3.3% and 1.7% respectively. Most of the mutations (71.4%) were found in c-ALL subtype. Conclusion: We detected mutations in 11.7% of our ALL patients. In general , frequency of the mutations that we found was in agreement with the results of other studies. However , to do study with more patients and wider range of age using a combination of PCR-RFLP and direct gene sequencing is highly recommended

Risk factors of hearing loss in neonates older than 6 months with history of hospitalization in intensive care unit

Objectives: Hearing loss is one of the most important disabilities in neonates. Delay in detection of hearing loss leads to impaired development and may prevent the acquisition of speech. The present study was designed to determine the risk factors associated with hearing loss in neonatal patients aged more than 6 months with history of hospitalization in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).Methods: In this case-control study, screening for hearing loss was carried out on 325 neonates aged 6-12 months who referred to pediatric neurology office of  Vali-e-Asr hospital, Tehran, iran. Hearing loss has confirmed using Acoustic Brain Audiometry (ABR) screening test.Results: The prevalence of hearing loss in neonates was determined about 3.6%. The most significant risk factors for hearing loss in neonates were neonatal icterus associated with phototherapy, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and lower Apgar score.Conclusion: Considering significant prevalence of hearing loss among studied neonates, screening all newborns is still seems valuable and cost effective

Generation of hematopoietic lineage cells from embryonic like cells

Background: Epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells into embryonic stem cells has attracted much attention, because of the potential for stem cell transplantation and compatibility with recipient. However, the therapeutic application of either nuclear transfer or nuclear fusion of somatic cell has been hindered by technical complications as well as ethical objections. Recently, a new method is reported whereby ectopic expression of embryonic specific transcription factors was shown to induce fibroblasts to become embryonic like SCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). A major limitation of this method is the use of potentially harmful genome integrating viruses such as reto- or lentivirus. The main aim of this investigation was generation of human hematopoietic stem cells from induced fibroblasts by safe adenovectors carrying embryonically active genes. Material and Methods: Isolated fibroblasts from foreskin were expanded and recombinant adenoviruses carrying human Sox2, Oct4, Klf4, cMyc genes were added to culture. After formation of embryonic like colonies and cell expansion, they were transferred to embryonic media without bFGF, and embryoid bodies were cultured on stromal and non-stromal differentiation media for 14 days. Results: Expression of CD34 gene and antigenic markers, CD34, CD38 & CD133 in stromal culture showed significant difference with non-differentiation and non-stromal media. Conclusion: These findings show high hematopoietic differentiation rate of Adeno-iPS cells in stromal culture and no need to use growth factors. While, there was no difference between non-differentiation and non-stromal media