KARAKTERISTIK HASIL DESTILASI TAR TEMPURUNG KELAPA DENGAN MODIFIKASI PENAMBAHAN CRUMB RUBBER DITINJAU DARI SPESIFIKASI ASPAL KERAS

Hasil destilasi Tar tempurung kelapa merupakan zat cair yang didapat dari pembuatan arang tempurung kelapa, dengan asap yang timbul kemudian di tampung yang disebut Tar. Hasil destilasi Tar tempurung kelapa mengandung karbonil yang tinggi sehingga warna Tar coklat kehitaman. Hasil destilasi Tar juga merupakan bahan yang termoplastis. Bahan tambah Tar tempurung kelapa pada penelitian ini menggunakan Crumb Rubber. Sifat lentur Crumb Rubber diharapkan dapat menurunkan nilai penetrasi Tar tempurung kelapa yang tinggi dan meningkatkan nilai daktilitas. Crumb Rubber yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Crumb Rubber yan lolos saringan no. 100. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimental. Persentase Crumb Rubber dalam pengujian ini adalah 0%, 3%, 5%, 7% dari berat Tar tempurung kelapa. Pengujian yang dilakukan yaitu pengujian penetrasi, daktilitas, titik lembek, titik nyala dan bakar, berat jenis, dan kelekatan bitumen terhadap agregat. Pengolahan data menggunakan software Microsoft Excel untuk melakukan perhitungan dan analilis regresi sederhana yang dibutuhkan. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan terhadap bahan Tar tempurung kelapa dengan penambahan Crumb Rubber, mengalami penurunan nilai hasil pengujian kecuali pada uji penetrasi yang mengalami peningkatan nilai penetrasi. Bahan pengikat Tar tempurung kelapa dengan penambahan Crumb Rubber masih belum mampu memenuhi beberapa persyaratan SNI seperti uji daktilitas SNI 06-2432-1991 yang mensyaratkan nilai minimal 100cm, sehingga bahan ini belum siap untuk digunakan dalam campuran perkerasan jalan dan masih perlu pengembangan selanjutnya

Autoantibodies and Cytokines in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which increased autoantibody production and enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines are the hallmark of the disease. A strictly controlled balance of antibody production and proinflammatory cytokines is the key to the healthy state. A slight tilt in this balance causes proinflammatory diseases. In RA there is an increased production of autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA), anti-cartilage type II antibodies, and etc., which have a prominent clinical significance. Furthermore, there is increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) which have an impact of great magnitude on the RA disease progression and severity. A better understanding of the mechanism of autoantibody production and secretion of cytokines together with crosstalk between immune cells and cytokines can provide us a better insight into the disease pathogenesis as well disease prognosis and management

STUDY OF DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF PAKISTANI STANDARD ENGLISH

The current research has adopted a qualitative approach to investigate the linguistic differences of Pakistani Standard English in contrast to British Standard English. We studied morphological, lexical, and hybrid characteristics of Pakistani Standard English. Besides, we investigated the linguistic features to prove the fact that cultural context determines the use of a language. Moreover, the findings of this research also support the fact that a language keeps evolving in different contexts leading to the development of different varieties of the language. However, the researchers have studied comparatively many varieties of Englishes, but this research investigates the distinguishing features of Pakistani Standard English employing secondary data from Dawn e-newspaper. Additionally, the researchers have also qualitatively codified the data into broader themes. The findings of this research will help readers in understanding the role of a cultural context in developing a new variety of a language. Consequently, they will be able to carry out further research in the field of World Englishes. Hence, this research is a systematic investigation of Pakistani Standard English and its differentiating features.

Immune Responses to a Live Virus Vaccine Candidate and Protection against Pseudorabies Virus Infection

A comparative study of three Malaysian pseudorabies virus (PrV) isolates, one Malaysian PrV strain and one American reference PrV was carried out using restriction endonucleases. Variations were observed among these viruses when their DNAs were digested with only Kpn I and BamH I enzymes. The Malaysian strain (PrV-mA1p) showed restriction pattern which was different from its parental virus. An obvious differences were observed between the reference virus and the Malaysian PrVs. When the SDS-PAGE technique was employed, no significant variations in protein profiles of the PrVs but variations in their immunogenic proteins were observed when they were reacted against homologous and heterologous antisera in Western blotting. The viruses were suggested to belong to the same serologic sub-type using SNT and ELISA tests. Experiments in mice demonstrated that all the viruses were pathogenic to various extents while PrV-mAlp was found to be non-pathogenic even when mice were infected with 108 p.f.u. The study showed that 100% protection was obtained following immunization of mice with at least 105 p.f.u. However, the protection level was highly dose and route of immunization dependent. Antibody (Ab) responses to PrV-mAlp were correlated with the protection levels obtained and demonstrated to persist in mouse serum for five consecutive months. Low levels of neutralizing Ab (N-Ab) were detected in mice following immunization with PrV-mAlp depending on the dose and route of inoculation. They were correlated with the protection levels but not with the ELISA Ab titres. Higher DTH responses were observed in mice immunized with PrV-mAlp especially via intranasal route (i.n.). A second dose of immunization slightly increased the DTH response. A significant (p<0.05) increase of PrV-mAlp growth was observed in mice tissues treated with immunosuppressive agents. However, the highest virus titres were detected in cyclophosphamide (CPS)treated mice followed by dexamethasone (DXM)- and flumethasone (FLM)treated mice. A significant (p<0.0l) decline in Ab titres following treatment of mice with all the drugs was noted. However, the highest decline was observed in CPS-treated mice. PrV-mA1p was reactivated in low titres from latently infected nervous tissues of mice using CPS and DXM but not from respiratory tissues. Increases in the protection levels and Ab responses were observed in mice immunized with the algammulin-adjuvanated PrV-mAlp. PrV-mAlp was also found to be non-pathogenic for swine following inoculation of piglets with up to 108 p.f.u. but displayed high levels of immunogenicity in piglets, hence the virus was highly suitable to be proposed as a live virus vaccine against PrV infection

PEMILIHAN GUBERNUR LAMPUNG TAHUN 2018 DALAM UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN PEMILIHAN YANG DEMOKRATIS

One of the functions of the Election Oversight Body (Bawaslu) is to supervise stages and prevent election violations. The authority of the Election Supervisory Authority is given to the Election Oversight Body (Bawaslu) and its subordinates in this case the Election Supervisory Body at the Regency / City level in Lampung Province. There is a strategic and significant Bawaslu function, which is to avoid potential election violations arising by implementing an optimal prevention strategy. Bawaslu has a strategic function and role in efforts to create democratic elections. This can also be seen in the Election of governors and deputy governors (pilgub) Lampung which took place on 27 June 2018. The problem in this paper is how the role of Bawaslu in the implementation of the governor election of Lampung Province in 2018 in an effort to realize democratic elections and what are the factors affect the performance of the Election Supervisory Body in the implementation of the election of governor of Lampung Province in 2018 in an effort to realize democratic elections?The results of the study are first, the role of the Election Supervisory Body in the implementation of the governor of Lampung province in 2018 in an effort to realize democratic elections contained in the voter data update based on population data and the determination of provisional voter candidates and permanent voter lists, the implementation of campaigns in the district / city, Election Logistics and Distribution, Implementation of Voting and Vote Counting of Election Results, Implementation of Election Socialization. Second, the factors that influence the performance of the Election Supervisory Body in the implementation of the election of the governor of Lampung Province in 2018 in an effort to realize a democratic election, namely structural factors, namely (1) Number of Personnel. (2) Supporting facilities. (3) The tasks and authority are not comparable to operational funds. Substance factors are regulatory issues, the government must also pay attention to the Fund, plus the amount of PPL that is not proportional to the area to be monitored, cultural factors namely the community chooses not based on conscience that is in accordance with the capacity and electability of the candidate for the Governor but based on the principle of regionalism. Keywords: Bawaslu, Election, Democrati

Cancer morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis: role of estrogen metabolites

Estrogen metabolites have been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer, although the mechanism remains unestablished. Some estrogen metabolites, which are used for the assessment of cancer risk, play an important role in RA. The pathways by which malignancies associated with RA remain elusive. Possible mechanism involves enzymatic or nonenzymatic oxidation of estrogen into catecholestrogen metabolites through semiquinone and quinone redox cycle to produce free radicals that can cause DNA modifications. Modifications of DNA alter its immunogenicity and trigger various immune responses leading to elevated levels of cancer and RA antibodies. However, the role of different estrogen metabolites as a mediator of immune response cannot be ruled out in various immune-related diseases

Pendidikan Pesantren Tradisional dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Modern

Abstract: Traditional Islamic boarding schools, that is, Islamic boarding schools that have not changed from their original form, only instruct texts published in Arabic in the 15th century by experts known as the Yellow Book. The curriculum is totally determined by the kiai who look after the Islamic boarding school and follows the halaqah system (deliberation), which is used in mosques or surau. Pesantren people have long utilized and benefited from traditional Islamic boarding school education. But in the modern era, advancement is happening very quickly throughout many industries, particularly in education. The evolution of the times themselves gave rise to modern education. where research is done to further education's improvement in the contemporary educational system.&nbsp; Keywords: Modern Education and Traditional Islamic Boarding School