Epizootiološko istraživanje slinavke i šapa u Sudanu: stanje nakon dva desetljeća

In order to update information on the situation regarding foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the Sudan, a serosurvey and disease survey were conducted. Recently collected data on FMD in the Sudan showed that FMD is a major constraint to animal production in the country. It presents no threat nor does it cause mild disease in sheep and goats. The disease, with obvious clinical signs, has been detected in cattle only, and is caused by serotype O and SAT 2. Seasonal occurrence of the disease in the cold, dry season has been observed and animal movement seems to play a major role in virus dissemination. A total of 1,069 sera were collected from cattle, sheep, goats, and camel, from seven states in the Sudan, for the detection of antibodies to FMDV. Application of liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA revealed that antibodies to four serotypes were present in ruminants; namely O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2. No antibodies to FMDV were detected in camel sera. The results differed from early reports regarding the prevalence of serotype specifi c antibodies in different species; for instance, in cattle, the antibodies to type A (78.13%) surpassed that of type O (69.39%) and the antibodies to type SAT 2 (44%) surpassed that of type SAT 1 (20.2%). This work elucidates the current epidemiology of FMD in some parts of the Sudan.Radi pružanja informacija o sadašnjem stanju slinavke i šapa u Sudanu provedena su serološka istraživanja te je prikazana njezina pojavnost. Svježe prikupljeni podatci o pojavi slinavke i šapa u Sudanu pokazali su da ona predstavlja veliku prepreku životinjskoj proizvodnji u toj zemlji. U ovaca i koza javlja se kao blaga bolest i ne predstavlja veliku prijetnju, dok se u goveda javlja s očitim kliničkim znakovima, a uzrokovana je serotipovima O i SAT 2. Bolest se javlja sezonski u hladnoj i suhoj sezoni, a promet životinjama ima glavnu ulogu u širenju virusa. Ukupno je bilo prikupljeno 1069 uzoraka seruma goveda, ovaca, koza i deva podrijetlom iz sedam država u Sudanu radi pretrage na prisutnost protutijela za virus slinavke i šapa. Blokirajućim imunonenzimnim testom dokazana su protutijela za četiri serotipa virusa: O, A, SAT 1 i SAT 2. Protutijela za virus slinavke i šapa nisu bila dokazana u uzorcima seruma deva. Rezultati se razlikuju od ranijih izvješća s obzirom na prevalenciju specifi čnih protutijela u različitih vrsta. Npr., specifi čna protutijela za serotip A dokazana su u 78,13% goveda, za serotip O u 69,39%, serotip SAT 2 u 44% te serotip SAT 1 u 20,2% goveda. U radu je prikazano sadašnje epizootiološko stanje slinavke i šapa u nekim dijelovima Sudana

Online Mapping-Based Navigation System for Wheeled Mobile Robot in Road Following and Roundabout

A road mapping and feature extraction for mobile robot navigation in road roundabout and road following environments is presented in this chapter. In this work, the online mapping of mobile robot employing the utilization of sensor fusion technique is used to extract the road characteristics that will be used with path planning algorithm to enable the robot to move from a certain start position to predetermined goal, such as road curbs, road borders, and roundabout. The sensor fusion is performed using many sensors, namely, laser range finder, camera, and odometry, which are combined on a new wheeled mobile robot prototype to determine the best optimum path of the robot and localize it within its environments. The local maps are developed using an image’s preprocessing and processing algorithms and an artificial threshold of LRF signal processing to recognize the road environment parameters such as road curbs, width, and roundabout. The path planning in the road environments is accomplished using a novel approach so called Laser Simulator to find the trajectory in the local maps developed by sensor fusion. Results show the capability of the wheeled mobile robot to effectively recognize the road environments, build a local mapping, and find the path in both road following and roundabout

Laser simulator: a novel search graph-based path planning approach

A novel technique called laser simulator approach for visibility search graph-based path planning has been developed in this article to determine the optimum collision-free path in unknown environment. With such approach, it is possible to apply constraints on the mobile robot trajectory while navigating in complex terrains such as in factories and road environments, as the first work of its kind. The main advantage of this approach is the ability to be used for both global/local path planning in the presence of constraints and obstacles in unknown environments. The principle of the laser simulator approach with all possibilities and cases that could emerge during path planning is explained to determine the path from initial to destination positions in a two-dimensional map. In addition, a comparative study on the laser simulator approach, A* algorithm, Voronoi diagram with fast marching and PointBug algorithms was performed to show the benefits and drawbacks of the proposed approach. A case study on the utilization of the laser simulator in both global and local path planning has been applied in a road roundabout setting which is regarded as a complex environment for robot path planning. In global path planning, the path is generated within a grid map of the roundabout environment to select the path according to the respective road rules. It is also used to recognize the real roundabout from a sequence of images during local path planning in the real-world system. Results show that the performance of the proposed laser simulator approach in both global and local environments is achieved with low computational and path costs, in which the optimum path from the selected start position to the goal point is tracked accordingly in the presence of the obstacles

Control of wheeled mobile robot in restricted environment

This paper presents a simulation and practical control system for wheeled mobile robot in restricted environment. A wheeled mobile robot with 3 wheels is fabricated and controlled by proportional derivative active force control (PD-AFC) to move in a pre-planned restricted environment to maintain the tracking errors at zero level. A control system with two loops, outer by PD controller and inner loop by Active Force Control, are designed to control the wheeled mobile robot. Fuzzy logic controller is implemented in the Active force Control to estimate the inertia matrix that will be used to calculate the actual torque applied on the wheeled mobile robot. The mobile robot is tested in two different trajectories, namely are circular and straight path. The actual path and desired path are compared

JMASM 57: Bayesian Survival Analysis of Lomax Family Models with Stan (R)

An attempt is made to fit three distributions, the Lomax, exponential Lomax, and Weibull Lomax to implement Bayesian methods to analyze Myeloma patients using Stan. This model is applied to a real survival censored data so that all the concepts and computations will be around the same data. A code was developed and improved to implement censored mechanism throughout using rstan. Furthermore, parallel simulation tools are also implemented with an extensive use of rstan

Effect of Addition of Different Levels of Commercial Inoculant of Lactic Acid Bacteria And Soluble Sugars on Fermentation of Wheat Straw Silage

اجريت الدراسة للتحري عن تأثير اضافة مستويات مختلفة من اللقاح التجاري لبكتيريا حامض اللاكتيك ((Ecosyl، 0 و 510 ×1 و610 ×1 وحدة مكونة للسبورات/غم مادة رطبة واربعة مستويات من الدبس كمصدر للسكريات الذائبة، 4 و 6 و 8 و 10% على اساس المادة الجافة على خصائص تخمرات سايلج تبن الحنطة. اضيفت اليوريا الى جميع نماذج السايلج بمعدل 1%. اظهرت النتائج ان اضافة اللقاح ادت الى تحسين (P<0.01) تخمرات السايلج, اذ سجل اوطأ اس هيدروجيني (3.97) وتركيز نتروجين الامونيا (0.89% من النتروجين الكلي) واعلى تركيز لحامض اللاكتيك والأحماض الدهنية الطيارة الكلية (7.86 و1.74ملي مكافئ من المادة الجافة على التوالي) في نماذج سايلج تبن الحنطة المصنعة بإضافة المستوى المرتفع من اللقاح، الا انها ادت ايضا الى تراجع المتبقي من السكريات الذائبة. اظهرت النتائج ايضا حصول انخفاض معنوي (P<0.01) في الأس الهيدروجيني بزيادة مستوى الدبس من 4 و6 الى 8 و10%، اذ بلغت القيم 4.86 و4.90 و4.70 و4.51 على التوالي. كما لوحظ حصول انخفاض معنوي (P<0.01) في المتبقي من السكريات الذائبة في الماء وتركيز نتروجين الأمونيا بزيادة مستوى الدبس المضاف عند تصنيع نماذج السايلج. فيما ادى ذلك الى حصول زيادة معنوية (P<0.01) تدريجية في تركيز حامض اللاكتيك، اذ بلغت القيم 2.69 و2.82 و2.23  و 4% من المادة الجافة في نماذج سايلج تبن الحنطة المصنعة بإضافة الدبس بمعدل 4 و 6 و8 و 10% على التوالي. كما لوحظ تأثير معنوي مماثل لزيادة مستوى الدبس على تركيز الاحماض الدهنية الطيارة الكلية. وبينت نتائج الدراسة ايضا ان جميع معايير التخمرات باستثناء تركيز الأحماض الدهنية الطيارة قد تأثرت معنويا (P<0.01) بالتداخل بين تركيز لقاح بكتيريا حامض اللاكتيك ومصدر السكريات الذائبة.This study was conducted to investigate the effect of addition of different levels of commercial inoculant of lactic acid Bacteria (Ecosyl), 0, 1×105 and  1×106  cfu/g wet material and 4 levels of debis as a source of soluble sugars, 4, 6, 8 and 10% on dry matter (DM) basis on fermentation of wheat straw silage. Urea was added to all samples at rate of 1%. Results revealed that addition of inoculant improved (P<0.01) silage fermentation, where, lower pH (3.97) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration (0.89% of total N) and higher lactic acid (LA) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations (7.86 and 1.74% of DM, respectively) were recorded in samples of wheat straw silages prepared with addition of high level of inoculant. However, it also reduced the residual of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in these samples. Results also revealed that there was a significant (P<0.01) reduction in pH with increasing level of debis from 4 to 6, 8 and 10%, values were 4.86, 4.90, 4.70 and 4.51, respectively. A significant (P<0.01) reduction was also shown in the residual of WSC, values were, 2.69, 2.82, 2.23 and 4% of DM in samples of wheat straw silage prepared with addition of debis at rate of 4, 6, 8 and 10% respectively. Similar significant effect due to increasing level of debis was also observed in VFA concentrations. Results of this study showed that all parameters of silage fermentation except that of  total VFA were significantly (P<0.01) affected by interaction between levels of inoculant and source of soluble sugars.      &nbsp

In Situ Hybridization for Molecular Detection of Human Papilloma Viral 6 / 11 DNA in Adenoctomized Tissues from A group of Iraqi Pediatric Patients

هنالك أكثر من 200 من الأنماط الجينية لفايروس الورمي الحليمي البشري والتي تم التعرف عليها من خلال  الترابط مابين الانماط الجينية ذات الاختطار الواطئ للفايروس الحليمي البشري مع مجموعة متنوعة من الأورام الفموية والبلعوم والبلعوم الأنفي وكذلك الأورام الحليمية غير الخبيثة  وتضخم الغدة. هدفت هذه الدراسة  من نوع الاستقصائية- السيطرة إلى تحديد الحمض النووي للفيروس الورمي الحليمي البشري 6/11 في انسجة الغدد البلعومية الأنفية واللوزتين لمجموعة من المرضى الذين يخضعون لاستئصال اللوزتين. تم الحصول على 60عينة من أنسجة اللوزتين الأنفية البلعومية من الأطفال الذين يعانون من تضخم اللوزتين الغدي, تضمنت 40 من أنسجة اللوزتين الأنفية البلعومية للمرضى الذين يعانون من تضخم غدي ، و 20 عينة نسجية من الأطفال  بعد عمليات التشذيب للانسجة الأنفية السفلية بدون  تغييرات مرضية ملحوظة (كمجموعة  سيطرة). تم اجراء الكشف الجزيئي عن الحامض النووي للفيروس الورمي الحليمي البشري نمط 6\11 باستخدام تقنية التهجين الموضعي ذات الحساسية العالية في عينات الأنسجة الضخمة الغدية ز تم العثور على 8 من أصل 40 تحتوي على نتائج إيجابية للحمض النووي للفيروس الحليمي البشري 6\11 حيث شكلت 20 ٪ من إجمالي الأنسجة الغدية البلعومية الأنفية.بينما لاتوجد أي اشارة موجبة للحامض النووي للفايروس الحليمي البشري نمط 6\11 في مجموعة السيطرة. أظهر التحليل الإحصائي للنتائج في هذا البحث اختلافًا كبيرًا مقارنةً  مابين مجموعتي المرضى والسيطرة عند مستوى احتمالية اقل او يساوي 5%. يمكن أن يلعب فيروس الورم الحليمي البشري ذات الاختطار الواطئ في تلك الأنسجة الغدية المتضخمة دورًا في التسبب في الأمراض و / أو يشكل عامل  لانتشار العدوى الفيروسية للانسجة الاخرىAmong more than 200 different human papilloma viral genotypes, the association of low oncogenic risk-HPV genotypes have been recognized with a variety of oral, oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal benign tumors as well as non-neoplastic polyposis and papillomas and adenoid hypertrophy. This prospective case- control study aims to determine the rate of DNA detection of HPV genotype 6/11 in nasopharyngeal adeno- tonsillar tissues from a group of patients subjected to adenoctomy for adenoid hypertrophy . A total number of nasopharyngeal adeno-tonsillar tissue specimens from pediatric patients with adenoid hypertrophy were enrolled; 40 nasopharyngeal adeno-tonsillar tissues from patients with adenoid hypertrophy, and 20 normal nasal tissue specimens were obtained from pediatric patients following trimming operations of their inferior nasal turbinates' with unremarkable pathological changes (as an apparently healthy control group). The molecular detection methods for HPV detection were performed by using DNA probes via a recent version of chromogenic in situ hybridization specified for low- risk HPV genotypes.  Among total adenoid hypertrophied tissue specimens group, 8 out of 40 were found to contain positive results for DNA of HPV 6 / 11 genotype, constituting 20% of the total screened nasopharyngeal adenotonsillar tissues. No positive– CISH reactions were detected in the control nasal tissues. The statistical analysis of results in this research showed significant difference when compared to the control apparently healthy tissues.   The significant rate of low- oncogenic HPV genotypes detection in those adenoid hypertrophied tissues could play, in part, a role in their pathogenesis and / or constituting a herald focus for the spread of such important virally transmitted infection

Effect montmorillonite clay as aggregate in lightweight concrete cement-free

Light weight concrete has many advantages that can be used in the construction of buildings. Perhaps one of the most important of these features is its light weight, which contributes a lot to reducing stress on the soil, which provides the possibility of rising buildings and increasing the number of floors. In addition to its role in thermal insulation and its impact on reducing the consumption of energy sources in cooling and heating, light weight concrete is considered one of the sustainability factors in buildings. One of the second major factors in sustainability is to reduce or avoid the use of cement in the manufacture of this concrete, because of the harmful effects of cement on the environment and global warming. Cement-free concrete is considered a sustainable material in terms of its depletion of the waste materials and spin-off products from different industries apposite of consumption of natural resources in the cement industry (mud, limestone). In this research first aim is to produce lightweight cement-free concrete using pozolanic material and montmorillonite clay as coarse and fine aggregate. Studying some properties of producing light weight concrete (density, compression, tensile,) with different ages (7, 28, 56) days

Screening of Guava genotypes to natural infestation of fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) in River Nile, Sennar and North Kordofan States, Sudan

The infesting species and their infestation indices of fruit flies were determined for guava genotypes (Psidium guajava L.),grown in River Nile, Sennar and North Kordofan States during the period from June to August 2010 .Twenty genotypes were selected from each state to be evaluated ,where ten mature fruits from each genotypes were harvested randomly from insecticide unsprayed trees. Fruits were brought to the laboratory and placed in individual plastic vials containing sand at the bottom to obtain the pupae. Infestation indices were estimated by means of total number of pupae/fruit. Pupal viability was then calculated based on the percentage of pupae resulted in fly emergence. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test for mean separations. Results showed that Guava fruits were infested by four fruit fly species Ceratitis cosyra, C.quinaira, C capitata and Bactrocera dorsalis constitute (82.2), (0.8), (16.7), (0.3% ) and 28.35 ,0.01 ,10.1 and 61.56% in River Nile and Sennar States respectively. While in North Kordofan State guava fruits were infested by C.cosyra, C.capitat and B.dorsalis 98.4,0.4 and 1.2% respectively. All the evaluated genotypes in River Nile and Sennar States were infested by the fruit fly with varying degrees only two genotypes 15 red flesh fruit and 19 white flesh fruit in Kordofan state were found free from fruit fly infestation. Infestation was much higher in Sennar and River Nile states (32 and 29 pupae/fruit) respectively compared to North Kordofan (1.6 pupae/fruit).The higher infestation rate occurred in ripe guava fruits (33) compared to 18 and 6 pupae/fruit in mature green and immature green fruit respectively

Heat Transfer Analysis of Modified Solar Collector Plate with Mini-Channel

الهدف من هذه الدراسة تنفيذ التحليلات العملية والعددية للتحقيق في الأداء الحراري للوح مجمع طاقة شمسية يعمل على اساس قناة مصغرة. لتطبيق المبادلات الحرارية قناة صغيرة، فمن الضروري أن يكون أدوات تصميم مثالية لتنبأ انخفاض الضغط ونقل الحرارة. النموذج الرقمي يجمع بين الإشعاع الشمسي مع نقل الحرارة الحمل إلى لوحة امتصاص على أساس قناة صغيرة وكان عدد رينولد يتراوح بين 70 و 300 في معدل تدفق السوائل تراوحت من (4.6 لتر/ساعة الى 18.35 لتر/ساعة) يستخدم للتحقيق التجريبي في درجة حرارة مدخل السائل ( 20 درجة مئوية). كان السائل العامل البروبيلين جلايكول. يتم تقييم أداء قناة تجميع الطاقة الشمسية البسيطة من حيث معامل انتقال الحرارة، عدد نسلت، عامل الاحتكاك وضخ الطاقة. وتكشف النتيجة أنه عندما يكون هناك زيادة في معدل تدفق الكتلة من السائل المتدفق، فإن معامل انتقال الحرارة الحراري يزداد أيضا في حين ينخفض ​​معامل الاحتكاك.In this paper, experimental and numerical analyses have been executed to investigate the thermal performance of modified design of mini-channel plate solar collector. For the application of mini-channel heat exchangers, it is necessary to have perfect design tools for predicting the pressure drop and heat transfer. A numerical model combining solar radiation with convective heat transfer to the absorber plate based on mini-channel has been developed. Reynolds number ranged from 70 to 300 at the fluid flow rate ranged from 4.6 L/h to 18.35 L/h is used for experimental investigation at fluid inlet temperature (20°C); the working fluid is propylene glycol. The mini channel solar collector performance is evaluated in terms of heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, friction factor, and pumping power. The result revealed that when there is an increase in the mass flow rate of flowing fluid, the convective heat transfer coefficient is increased, while the friction factor is decreased