Modélisation mathématique des dynamiques hôtes-parasites ; de l’écologie parasitaire à l’écologie du génome

This document is dedicated to the dynamic modeling of host-parasite interactions. It is about two distant biological models, who are studied using standard epidemiological models built from dynamic compartmental models. The first contribution is the implementation of a 'micro-parasites' model to study the transmission of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of American trypanosomiasis (or 'Chagas' disease), within a host community of synanthropic and domestic animals. The analysis of the mathematical model shows for the first time in this biological system a dilution effect associated with avian hosts, as well as the possibility of reducing the transmission to humans by modifying the composition of the domestic host communities. The second contribution deals with the dynamics of the "genomic parasites" that are the transposable elements. Using the analogies between genomics and ecology concepts proposed by the "Genome Ecology" approach, it was possible to adapt models developed for 'macro-parasites' to the dynamics of transposable elements of class 1, retro-transposons. The analysis of these models makes it possible toformulate hypotheses on the relative importance of the host demography, the distribution of the number of copies between individuals and the molecular mechanisms of silencing of these elements, on their persistence within the population of hosts reproducing asexually.Ce document est dédié à la modélisation dynamique des interactions hôtes-parasites. Il porte sur deux modèles biologiques très différents, mais étudiés à l’aide de modèles épidémiologiques standards construits à partir de systèmes dynamiques à compartiments. La première contribution est l’implémentation d’un modèle ‘micro-parasites’ pour étudier la transmission du parasite protozoaire Trypanosoma cruzi, agent étiologique de la trypanosomiase américaine (ou ‘maladie de Chagas’), au sein d’une communauté d’hôtes synanthropiques et domestiques. L’analyse du modèle mathématique montre pour la première fois dans ce système biologique un effet de dilution associé aux hôtes aviaires, ainsi que la possibilité de réduire la transmission à l’homme par modification de la composition de la communauté d’hôtes domestiques. La seconde contribution porte sur la dynamique des ‘parasites génomiques’ que sont les éléments transposables. En utilisant les analogies entre concepts de génomique et d’écologie proposées par l’approche d’ « Écologie du génome », il a été possible d’adapter des modèles développés pour les ‘macro-parasites’ à la dynamique d’éléments transposables de classe 1, les retro-transposons. L’analyse de cesmodèles permet de formuler des hypothèses sur l’importance relative de la démographie des hôtes, de la distribution du nombre de copies entre les individus et des mécanismes moléculaires de silencing de ces éléments, sur leurpersistance au sein de population d’hôtes se reproduisant de façon asexuée

Mathematical modeling of host-parasite dynamics; from parasite ecology to genome ecology

Ce document est dédié à la modélisation dynamique des interactions hôtes-parasites. Il porte sur deux modèles biologiques très différents, mais étudiés à l’aide de modèles épidémiologiques standards construits à partir de systèmes dynamiques à compartiments. La première contribution est l’implémentation d’un modèle ‘micro-parasites’ pour étudier la transmission du parasite protozoaire Trypanosoma cruzi, agent étiologique de la trypanosomiase américaine (ou ‘maladie de Chagas’), au sein d’une communauté d’hôtes synanthropiques et domestiques. L’analyse du modèle mathématique montre pour la première fois dans ce système biologique un effet de dilution associé aux hôtes aviaires, ainsi que la possibilité de réduire la transmission à l’homme par modification de la composition de la communauté d’hôtes domestiques. La seconde contribution porte sur la dynamique des ‘parasites génomiques’ que sont les éléments transposables. En utilisant les analogies entre concepts de génomique et d’écologie proposées par l’approche d’ « Écologie du génome », il a été possible d’adapter des modèles développés pour les ‘macro-parasites’ à la dynamique d’éléments transposables de classe 1, les retro-transposons. L’analyse de cesmodèles permet de formuler des hypothèses sur l’importance relative de la démographie des hôtes, de la distribution du nombre de copies entre les individus et des mécanismes moléculaires de silencing de ces éléments, sur leurpersistance au sein de population d’hôtes se reproduisant de façon asexuée.This document is dedicated to the dynamic modeling of host-parasite interactions. It is about two distant biological models, who are studied using standard epidemiological models built from dynamic compartmental models. The first contribution is the implementation of a 'micro-parasites' model to study the transmission of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of American trypanosomiasis (or 'Chagas' disease), within a host community of synanthropic and domestic animals. The analysis of the mathematical model shows for the first time in this biological system a dilution effect associated with avian hosts, as well as the possibility of reducing the transmission to humans by modifying the composition of the domestic host communities. The second contribution deals with the dynamics of the "genomic parasites" that are the transposable elements. Using the analogies between genomics and ecology concepts proposed by the "Genome Ecology" approach, it was possible to adapt models developed for 'macro-parasites' to the dynamics of transposable elements of class 1, retro-transposons. The analysis of these models makes it possible toformulate hypotheses on the relative importance of the host demography, the distribution of the number of copies between individuals and the molecular mechanisms of silencing of these elements, on their persistence within the population of hosts reproducing asexually

Mathematical modeling of host-parasite dynamics; from parasite ecology to genome ecology

Ce document est dédié à la modélisation dynamique des interactions hôtes-parasites. Il porte sur deux modèles biologiques très différents, mais étudiés à l’aide de modèles épidémiologiques standards construits à partir de systèmes dynamiques à compartiments. La première contribution est l’implémentation d’un modèle ‘micro-parasites’ pour étudier la transmission du parasite protozoaire Trypanosoma cruzi, agent étiologique de la trypanosomiase américaine (ou ‘maladie de Chagas’), au sein d’une communauté d’hôtes synanthropiques et domestiques. L’analyse du modèle mathématique montre pour la première fois dans ce système biologique un effet de dilution associé aux hôtes aviaires, ainsi que la possibilité de réduire la transmission à l’homme par modification de la composition de la communauté d’hôtes domestiques. La seconde contribution porte sur la dynamique des ‘parasites génomiques’ que sont les éléments transposables. En utilisant les analogies entre concepts de génomique et d’écologie proposées par l’approche d’ « Écologie du génome », il a été possible d’adapter des modèles développés pour les ‘macro-parasites’ à la dynamique d’éléments transposables de classe 1, les retro-transposons. L’analyse de cesmodèles permet de formuler des hypothèses sur l’importance relative de la démographie des hôtes, de la distribution du nombre de copies entre les individus et des mécanismes moléculaires de silencing de ces éléments, sur leurpersistance au sein de population d’hôtes se reproduisant de façon asexuée.This document is dedicated to the dynamic modeling of host-parasite interactions. It is about two distant biological models, who are studied using standard epidemiological models built from dynamic compartmental models. The first contribution is the implementation of a 'micro-parasites' model to study the transmission of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of American trypanosomiasis (or 'Chagas' disease), within a host community of synanthropic and domestic animals. The analysis of the mathematical model shows for the first time in this biological system a dilution effect associated with avian hosts, as well as the possibility of reducing the transmission to humans by modifying the composition of the domestic host communities. The second contribution deals with the dynamics of the "genomic parasites" that are the transposable elements. Using the analogies between genomics and ecology concepts proposed by the "Genome Ecology" approach, it was possible to adapt models developed for 'macro-parasites' to the dynamics of transposable elements of class 1, retro-transposons. The analysis of these models makes it possible toformulate hypotheses on the relative importance of the host demography, the distribution of the number of copies between individuals and the molecular mechanisms of silencing of these elements, on their persistence within the population of hosts reproducing asexually

Trypanosoma cruzi transmission dynamics in a synanthropic and domesticated host community

International audienceTrypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a Neglected Tropical Disease affecting 8 million people in the Americas. Triatomine hematophagous vectors feed on a high diversity of vertebrate species that can be reservoirs or dead-end hosts, such as avian species refractory to T. cruzi. To understand its transmission dynamics in synanthropic and domesticated species living within villages is essential to quantify disease risk and assess the potential of zooprophylaxis. We developed a SI model of T. cruzi transmission in a multi-host community where vector reproduction and parasite transmission depend on a triato-mine blood-feeding rate accounting for vector host preferences and interference while feeding. The model was parameterized to describe T. cruzi transmission in villages of the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, using the information about Triatoma dimidiata vectors and host populations accumulated over the past 15 years. Extensive analyses of the model showed that dogs are key reservoirs and contributors to human infection, as compared to synanthropic rodents and cats, while chickens or other domesticated avian hosts dilute T. cruzi transmission despite increasing vector abundance. In this context, reducing the number of dogs or increasing avian hosts abundance decreases incidence in humans by up to 56% and 39%, respectively, while combining such changes reduces incidence by 71%. Although such effects are only reached over >10-years periods, they represent important considerations to be included in the design of cost-effective Integrated Vector Management. The concomitant reduction in T. cruzi vector prevalence estimated by simulating these zoo-prophylactic interventions could indeed complement the removal of colonies from the peri-domiciles or the use of insect screens that lower vector indoor abundance by~60% and 80%. These new findings reinforce the idea that education and community empowerment to reduce basic risk factors is a cornerstone to reach and sustain the key objective of interrupting Chagas disease intra-domiciliary transmission

Amazonian Triatomine Biodiversity and the Transmission of Chagas Disease in French Guiana: In Medio Stat Sanitas

International audienceThe effects of biodiversity on the transmission of infectious diseases now stand as a cornerstone of many public health policies. The upper Amazonia and Guyana shield are hot-spots of biodiversity that offer genuine opportunities to explore the relationship between the risk of transmission of Chagas disease and the diversity of its triatomine vectors. Over 730 triato-mines were light-trapped in four geomorphological landscapes shaping French-Guiana, and we determined their taxonomic status and infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. We used a model selection approach to unravel the spatial and temporal variations in species abundance , diversity and infection. The vector community in French-Guiana is typically made of one key species (Panstrongylus geniculatus) that is more abundant than three secondary species combined (Rhodnius pictipes, Panstrongylus lignarius and Eratyrus mucronatus), and four other species that complete the assemblage. Although the overall abundance of adult triatomines does not vary across French-Guiana, their diversity increases along a coastal-inland gradient. These variations unravelled a non-monotonic relationship between vector biodiversity and the risk of transmission of Chagas disease, so that intermediate biodiversity levels are associated with the lowest risks. We also observed biannual variations in triatomine abundance, representing the first report of a biannual pattern in the risk of Cha-gas disease transmission. Those variations were highly and negatively correlated with the average monthly rainfall. We discuss the implications of these patterns for the transmission of T. cruzi by assemblages of triatomine species, and for the dual challenge of controlling Amazonian vector communities that are made of both highly diverse and mostly intrusive species

The Ecology of the Genome and the Dynamics of the Biological Dark Matter

International audienceTransposable elements (TEs) are essential components of the eukaryotic genomes. While mostly deleterious, evidence is mounting that TEs provide the host with beneficial adaptations. How ’selfish’ or ’parasitic’ DNA persists until it helps species evolution is emerging as a major evolutionary puzzle, especially in asexual taxa where the lack of sex strongly impede the spread of TEs. Since occasional but unchecked TE proliferations would ultimately drive host lineages toward extinction, asexual genomes are typically predicted to be free of TEs, which contrasts with their persistence in asexual taxa. We designed innovative ’Eco-genomic’ models that account for both host demography and within-host molecular mechanisms of transposition and silencing to analyze their impact on TE dynamics in asexual genome populations. We unraveled that the spread of TEs can be limited to a stable level by density-dependent purifying selection when TE copies are over-dispersed among lineages and the host demographic turn-over is fast. We also showed that TE silencing can protect host populations in two ways; by preventing TEs with weak effects to accumulate or by favoring the elimination of TEs with large effects. Our predictions may explain TE persistence in known asexual taxa that typically show fast demography and where TE copy number variation between lineages is expected. Such TE persistence in asexual taxa potentially has important implications for their evolvability and the preservation of sexual reproduction

Seasonal variations in the abundance of the triatomine community.

<p>Seasonal variations in the abundance of the triatomine community.</p

Geographical distribution of the abundance and diversity of triatomine species.

<p>Geographical distribution of the abundance and diversity of triatomine species.</p

Geographical distribution of the infection of the four main triatomine species by <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i>.

<p>Geographical distribution of the infection of the four main triatomine species by <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i>.</p

Spatial and temporal variations of the Force Of Infection (FOI) by <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> in French Guiana.

<p>(A) Variations in the FOI by <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> across the four landscapes ordered with respect to the observed level of triatomine biodiversity as measured by their D value (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004427#pntd.0004427.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2A</a>). (B) Variations in the FOI by <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> across the twelve months of the year. In Fig 4A and Fig 4B, the variations of the FOI are expressed as a percentage of the overall annual FOI. The colour legend used to refer to each triatomine species is the same as in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004427#pntd.0004427.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>.</p