Potential geographic shifts in the coral reef ecosystem under climate change

The coral reefs are the most diverse marine ecosystem in the world. Considering its contribution as a natural resource for humanity and global biodiversity, it is critical to understand its response to climatic change. To date, no global predictions have been made about potential ecosystem changes in relation to its inhabiting species. Predicting changes in species' climatic suitability under increasing temperature and comparing them among species would be the first step in understanding the geographic and taxonomic coherence and discrepancies that may occur within the ecosystem. Using 57 species-specific global climate suitability models (of corals, molluscs, fish, crustaceans, and polychaetes) under present and future climate scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5), we compared the potential coherence and differences and their cumulative impact on the ecosystem in warm, cold, shallow, and deep waters. Under the climatic scenarios, nearly 90% of 30 warm-water species were predicted to lose their suitability in the parts of the Indo-west Pacific, the Coast of Northern Australia, the South China Sea, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in the overall southward shift in their distributions. In contrast, a mixed response occurred in 27 cold-water species, with most northern temperate/boreal ones increasing their suitability in the Arctic Ocean and the Arctic species declining overall. We noticed that irrespective of their taxonomic group, the species with wider distribution ranges (thermal and geographic) had larger predicted gains in their suitability than their stenothermal counterparts, suggesting an increase of generalist species and a decline of specialist (endemic) species of the ecosystem under a warming climate. Our coherent projections of species' climatic suitability in warm and cold habitats of the tropics, temperate, boreal, and the Arctic, represent significant taxonomic groups of the ecosystem. This might indicate mass extinction risk (local– in the tropics and northern temperate regions, and overall– in the Arctic) in native habitats and a high species turnover across the ecosystem under a warming climate. This may also destabilise predator–prey dynamics in the ecosystem, especially if foraging specialists dominate coral food webs and adversely affect the associated countries. Our global projections highlight the regions of species’ potential loss and gain; stakeholders could use the information to protect biodiversity and maintain human well-being

Toward a reliable assessment of potential ecological impacts of deep‐sea polymetallic nodule mining on abyssal infauna

peer reviewedThe increasing demand for metals is pushing forward the progress of deep-sea mining industry. The abyss between the Clarion and Clipperton Fracture Zones (CCFZ), a region holding a higher concentration of minerals than land deposits, is the most targeted area for the exploration of polymetallic nodules worldwide, which may likely disturb the seafloor across large areas and over many years. Effects from nodule extraction cause acute biodiversity loss of organisms inhabiting sediments and polymetallic nodules. Attention to deep-sea ecosystems and their services has to be considered before mining starts but the lack of basic scientific knowledge on the methodologies for the ecological surveys of fauna in the context of deep-sea mining impacts is still scarce. We review the methodology to sample, process and investigate metazoan infauna both inhabiting sediments and nodules dwelling on these polymetallic-nodule areas. We suggest effective procedures for sampling designs, devices and methods involving gear types, sediment processing, morphological and genetic identification including metabarcoding and proteomic fingerprinting, the assessment of biomass, functional traits, fatty acids, and stable isotope studies within the CCFZ based on both first-hand experiences and literature. We recommend multi- and boxcorers for the quantitative assessments of meio- and macrofauna, respectively. The assessment of biodiversity at species level should be focused and/or the combination of morphological with metabarcoding or proteomic fingerprinting techniques. We highlight that biomass, functional traits, and trophic markers may provide critical insights for biodiversity assessments and how statistical modeling facilitates predicting patterns spatially across point-source data and is essential for conservation management

Influence of hydrothermal activity and substrata nature on faunal colonization processes in the deep sea

Four decades after their discovery, we know now that deep-sea hydrothermal vents are widespread, diverse and dynamic, and interact with other chemosynthetic-based and background ecosystems. In the face of potential imminent anthropogenic impacts, more than ever the understanding of the processes that shape vent biodiversity, in its multiple facets, and the interactions with other systems is of paramount importance. The early processes driving community assembly and interactions between hydrothermally active habitats, vent periphery and cognate communities, namely wood falls, were investigated with an extensive colonizing experiment at 1700 m depth onthe Lucky Strike vent field (northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge). A modern multifaceted framework of community assembly based on species richness, functional traits and stable isotopes was applied. Results showed that vent ecosystems support higher functional richness that background peripheral habitats.The latter were highly heterogeneous and unique in species and functions suggesting that they may be especially vulnerable to impacts, such as deep-sea mining. The observed faunal overlap and energy links suggest that rather than being separate entities, active and peripheral habitats may be considered as interconnected. Environmental conditions and the presence of different resources at vent, periphery and wood habitats, were identified as main drivers of biodiversity patterns and community structure. The roleof woods in the deep-sea as potential stepping stones for meio- and macrofauna, not only for “vent” but for periphery inhabitants, is validated. The results of this thesis significantly improve our understanding of vent and chemosynthetic communities and may haveimplications for their protection from industrial activities.Quatre décennies après leur découverte, nous savons maintenant que les sources hydrothermales sont répandues, diversifiées et dynamiques et qu’elles interagissent avec d’autres écosystèmes des grands fonds marins. Face aux potentiels impacts anthropiques qui pèsent sur les environnements hydrothermaux, il devient essentiel d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des processus qui façonnent la biodiversité de ces écosystèmes et de leurs interactions avec d’autres écosystèmes. Les processus structurant l'élaboration des communautés et contrôlant les interactions entre les habitats actifs, la périphérie et les communautés liées aux bois, ont été étudiés grâce à une vaste expérience de colonisation à 1700 m de profondeur sur le champ hydrothermal Lucky Strike (nord de la dorsale médio-Atlantique). Un cadre d’analyse moderne et multifacettes, basé sur la richesse spécifique, les traits fonctionnels et les isotopes stables, a été appliqué. Les résultats ont montré que les sites actifs supportent une richesse fonctionnelle plus élevée que les habitats périphériques.En outre, la diversité spécifique et fonctionnelle des habitats périphériques était très hétérogène, ce qui suggère qu’ils pourraient être particulièrement vulnérables aux impacts liés à l'exploitation minière. Les redondances fauniques et les liens énergétiques observés suggèrent que, plutôt que d'être des entités séparées, les habitats actifs et périphériques semblent être interconnectés. Les conditions environnementales et la présence de différentes ressources ont été identifiées comme étant les principaux facteurs influençant la biodiversité et la structure des communautés. Le rôle des bois en tant que potentielles « pierres de gué » pour la dispersion de la méio- et la macrofaune, non seulement pour les habitants des sources hydrothermales mais aussi pour ceux de la périphérie, est validé. Les résultats de cette thèse améliorent significativement notre compréhension des processus qui structurent les communautés associées aux sources hydrothermales et aux autres écosystèmes chimiosynthétiques dans les grands fonds marins et pourraient avoir des implications importantes dans l’élaboration de stratégies de protection dans le cadre d’éventuelles activités industrielles

Composição Faunística e estrutura da comunidade da carcaça de baleia mais profunda do mundo: esclarecendo o papel ecológico de Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae) e a biogeografia de carcaças de baleia

This study aims to describe the faunal composition and community structure of the world\'s deepest whale fall and the first found in the South Atlantic Ocean. This discovery adds very important data on the poorly known whale-fall biogeography and provides new insights on the ecological role of the \"bone-eating\" worm Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae) on associated biota. The whale fall was serendipitously found in April 24th, 2013 at the base of São Paulo Ridge at 4204 m depth in the SW Atlantic Ocean using the HOV Shinkai 6500 during the Brazil-Japan joint Iatá-Piúna Oceanographic Expedition on board RV Yokosuka (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC). Detailed video surveys of the carcass were made using high-definition video cameras. Vertebrae, surrounding sediments and fauna were also collected using the submersible manipulators and a slurp gun. The partial skeleton belonged to an Antarctic Minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, and was composed of nine caudal vertebrae, whose degradation state suggests it was on the bottom for at least 5 years. Most of the 41 invertebrate species found are new to science, with ca. 12% of the genera shared with NE Pacific whale falls, vent and seep ecosystems. This similarity strongly supports the hypothesis that whale falls act as \"stepping-stones\" for the dispersion of chemosynthetic fauna and that some whale-fall specialists are widespread worldwide at genus level. Detailed investigation of inner bone assemblages indicates that Osedax degradation deeply affects their diversity and structure. Bones colonized by Osedax support distinct, significantly more diverse and abundant assemblages. This renders Osedax the status of ecosystem engineer, creating new microhabitats and enhancing biodiversity in deep-sea whale-fall communities.O presente estudo descreve a composição faunística e a estrutura da comunidade de carcaça de baleia mais profunda do mundo e a primeira a ser encontrada no Oceano Atlântico Sul. A descoberta adiciona dados importantes à quase desconhecida biogeografia destas comunidades, assim como aumenta o conhecimento sobre o papel ecológico dos vermes-zumbis do gênero Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae), especialistas no consumo e degradação de ossos. A carcaça foi fortuitamente descoberta em 24 de Abril de 2013, na base da Dorsal de São Paulo a 4204 m de profundidade (Atlântico Sudoeste), utilizando-se o submersível de pesquisa tripulado Shinkai 6500 (Agência Japonesa para o Estudo das Ciências do Mar e da Terra e Tecnologia, JAMSTEC na sigla em inglês). Os mergulhos fizeram parte da Expedição Oceanográfica Iatá-Piúna, fruto de um acordo bilateral de cooperação científica em Ciências do Mar entre Brasil e Japão. Durante dois mergulhos foram feitos vídeos detalhados da carcaça através de uma câmera de alta definição. Também foram coletadas vértebras, sedimentos e fauna por meio dos braços manipuladores e de um sugador. O esqueleto parcial pertencia a uma baleia Minke Antártica, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, e era composto por nove vértebras, cujo estado de degradação sugere que a baleia estava no assoalho marinho por pelo menos 5 anos. A maioria das 41 espécies de invertebrados encontradas são novas para a ciência e cerca de 12% dos gêneros são compartilhados com ambientes redutores do Pacífico Nordeste, como carcaças, fontes hidrotermais e exsudações frias. Tal semelhança corrobora fortemente a hipótese de que carcaças de baleia atuam como \"pedras de dispersão\" para a fauna de ambientes quimiossintetizantes e que alguns organismos especialistas de carcaças de baleia possuem distribuição mundial em nível genérico. A investigação detalhada da endofauna dos ossos indicou que a degradação promovida por Osedax afeta profundamente sua diversidade e estrutura. Ossos colonizados por Osedax sustentam assembleias de organismos significativamente mais diversas e abundantes. Isso faz com que Osedax seja considerado um engenheiro ecossistêmico, pois cria novos microhábitats promovendo o aumento da biodiversidade em comunidades de carcaças de baleia no mar profundo

Rôle de l'activité hydrothermale et de la nature du substrat sur les processus de colonisation de la faune en milieu marin profond

Quatre décennies après leur découverte, nous savons maintenant que les sources hydrothermales sont répandues, diversifiées et dynamiques et qu’elles interagissent avec d’autres écosystèmes des grands fonds marins. Face aux potentiels impacts anthropiques qui pèsent sur les environnements hydrothermaux, il devient essentiel d’avoir une meilleure compréhension des processus qui façonnent la biodiversité de ces écosystèmes et de leurs interactions avec d’autres écosystèmes. Les processus structurant l'élaboration des communautés et contrôlant les interactions entre les habitats actifs, la périphérie et les communautés liées aux bois, ont été étudiés grâce à une vaste expérience de colonisation à 1700 m de profondeur sur le champ hydrothermal Lucky Strike (nord de la dorsale médio-Atlantique). Un cadre d’analyse moderne et multifacettes, basé sur la richesse spécifique, les traits fonctionnels et les isotopes stables, a été appliqué. Les résultats ont montré que les sites actifs supportent une richesse fonctionnelle plus élevée que les habitats périphériques.En outre, la diversité spécifique et fonctionnelle des habitats périphériques était très hétérogène, ce qui suggère qu’ils pourraient être particulièrement vulnérables aux impacts liés à l'exploitation minière. Les redondances fauniques et les liens énergétiques observés suggèrent que, plutôt que d'être des entités séparées, les habitats actifs et périphériques semblent être interconnectés. Les conditions environnementales et la présence de différentes ressources ont été identifiées comme étant les principaux facteurs influençant la biodiversité et la structure des communautés. Le rôle des bois en tant que potentielles « pierres de gué » pour la dispersion de la méio- et la macrofaune, non seulement pour les habitants des sources hydrothermales mais aussi pour ceux de la périphérie, est validé. Les résultats de cette thèse améliorent significativement notre compréhension des processus qui structurent les communautés associées aux sources hydrothermales et aux autres écosystèmes chimiosynthétiques dans les grands fonds marins et pourraient avoir des implications importantes dans l’élaboration de stratégies de protection dans le cadre d’éventuelles activités industrielles.Four decades after their discovery, we know now that deep-sea hydrothermal vents are widespread, diverse and dynamic, and interact with other chemosynthetic-based and background ecosystems. In the face of potential imminent anthropogenic impacts, more than ever the understanding of the processes that shape vent biodiversity, in its multiple facets, and the interactions with other systems is of paramount importance. The early processes driving community assembly and interactions between hydrothermally active habitats, vent periphery and cognate communities, namely wood falls, were investigated with an extensive colonizing experiment at 1700 m depth onthe Lucky Strike vent field (northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge). A modern multifaceted framework of community assembly based on species richness, functional traits and stable isotopes was applied. Results showed that vent ecosystems support higher functional richness that background peripheral habitats.The latter were highly heterogeneous and unique in species and functions suggesting that they may be especially vulnerable to impacts, such as deep-sea mining. The observed faunal overlap and energy links suggest that rather than being separate entities, active and peripheral habitats may be considered as interconnected. Environmental conditions and the presence of different resources at vent, periphery and wood habitats, were identified as main drivers of biodiversity patterns and community structure. The roleof woods in the deep-sea as potential stepping stones for meio- and macrofauna, not only for “vent” but for periphery inhabitants, is validated. The results of this thesis significantly improve our understanding of vent and chemosynthetic communities and may haveimplications for their protection from industrial activities

A new Capitella polychaete worm (Annelida: Capitellidae) living inside whale bones in the abyssal South Atlantic

http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/yokosuka/yk13-04_leg1/