Analysis of the radio-frequency single-electron transistor with large quality factor

We have analyzed the response and noise-limited sensitivity of the radio-frequency single-electron transistor (RF-SET), extending the previously developed theory to the case of arbitrary large quality factor Q of the RF-SET tank circuit. It is shown that while the RF-SET response reaches the maximum at Q roughly corresponding to the impedance matching condition, the RF-SET sensitivity monotonically worsens with the increase of Q. Also, we propose a novel operation mode of the RF-SET, in which an overtone of the incident rf wave is in resonance with the tank circuit.Comment: 4 pages, submitted to Appl.Phys.Let

A model of diffuse Galactic Radio Emission from 10 MHz to 100 GHz

Understanding diffuse Galactic radio emission is interesting both in its own right and for minimizing foreground contamination of cosmological measurements. Cosmic Microwave Background experiments have focused on frequencies > 10 GHz, whereas 21 cm tomography of the high redshift universe will mainly focus on < 0.2 GHz, for which less is currently known about Galactic emission. Motivated by this, we present a global sky model derived from all publicly available total power large-area radio surveys, digitized with optical character recognition when necessary and compiled into a uniform format, as well as the new Villa Elisa data extending the 1.4 GHz map to the entire sky. We quantify statistical and systematic uncertainties in these surveys by comparing them with various global multi-frequency model fits. We find that a principal component based model with only three components can fit the 11 most accurate data sets (at 10, 22, 45 & 408 MHz and 1.4, 2.3, 23, 33, 41, 61, 94 GHz) to an accuracy around 1%-10% depending on frequency and sky region. Both our data compilation and our software returning a predicted all-sky map at any frequency from 10 MHz to 100 GHz are publicly available at http://space.mit.edu/home/angelica/gsm .Comment: Accuracy improved with 5-year WMAP data. Our data, software and new foreground-cleaned WMAP map are available at https://ascl.net/1011.01

Numerical analysis of the radio-frequency single-electron transistor operation

We have analyzed numerically the response and noise-limited charge sensitivity of a radio-frequency single-electron transistor (RF-SET) in a non-superconducting state using the orthodox theory. In particular, we have studied the performance dependence on the quality factor Q of the tank circuit for Q both below and above the value corresponding to the impedance matching between the coaxial cable and SET.Comment: 14 page

No carbon storage in growth-limited trees in a semi-arid woodland

© The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Plant survival depends on a balance between carbon supply and demand. When carbon supply becomes limited, plants buffer demand by using stored carbohydrates (sugar and starch). During drought, NSCs (non-structural carbohydrates) may accumulate if growth stops before photosynthesis. This expectation is pervasive, yet few studies have combined simultaneous measurements of drought, photosynthesis, growth, and carbon storage to test this. Using a field experiment with mature trees in a semi-arid woodland, we show that growth and photosynthesis slow in parallel as ψpd declines, preventing carbon storage in two species of conifer (J. monosperma and P. edulis). During experimental drought, growth and photosynthesis were frequently co-limited. Our results point to an alternative perspective on how plants use carbon that views growth and photosynthesis as independent processes both regulated by water availability.The Los Alamos Survival-Mortality Experiment (SUMO) was funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research. R.A.T., A.M.T., and H.D.A. were supported by the NSF Division of Integrative Organismal Systems, Integrative Ecological Physiology Program (IOS-1755345, IOS-1755346). R.A.T. was also supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program. H.D.A. was also supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), McIntire Stennis Project 1019284 and Agriculture and Food Research Initiative award 2021-67013-33716. C.G. was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (310030_204697).Peer reviewe

Imprint of Intergalactic Shocks on the Radio Sky

Strong intergalactic shocks are a natural consequence of structure formation in the universe. They are expected to deposit large fractions of their energy in relativistic electrons (xi_e~0.05 according to SNR observations) and magnetic fields (xi_B~0.01 according to cluster halo observations). We calculate the synchrotron emission from such shocks using an analytical model, calibrated with a hydrodynamical LCDM simulation. The resulting signal composes a large fraction of the extragalactic radio background (ERB) below 500 MHz. The associated angular fluctuations dominate the sky for frequencies nu<10 GHz and angular scales arcmin-deg (after a modest removal of point sources), provided that xi_e*xi_B>3*10^-4. The fluctuating signal is most pronounced for nu<500 MHz, dominating the sky even for xi_e*xi_B=5*10^-5. The signal will be easily observable by next generation radio telescopes such as LOFAR and SKA, and is marginally observable with present telescopes. It may be identified using cross-correlations with tracers of large scale structure, possibly even in existing <10 GHz CMB anisotropy maps and high resolution ~1 GHz radio surveys. Detection of the signal will provide the first identification of intergalactic shocks and of the WHIM, and gauge the unknown intergalactic magnetic field. We show that existing observations of the diffuse <500 MHz radio background are well fit by a simple, double-disk Galactic model, precluding a direct identification of the diffuse ERB. Modelling the frequency-dependent anisotropy pattern observed at very low (1-10 MHz) frequencies can disentangle the distributions of Galactic cosmic-rays, ionized gas and magnetic fields. Space missions such as ALFA will thus provide important insight into the structure and composition of our Galaxy (abridged).Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Presentation improved and references adde

Integrating plant physiology into simulation of fire behavior and effects

Wildfires are a global crisis, but current fire models fail to capture vegetation response to changing climate. With drought and elevated temperature increasing the importance of vegetation dynamics to fire behavior, and the advent of next generation models capable of capturing increasingly complex physical processes, we provide a renewed focus on representation of woody vegetation in fire models. Currently, the most advanced representations of fire behavior and biophysical fire effects are found in distinct classes of fine-scale models and do not capture variation in live fuel (i.e. living plant) properties. We demonstrate that plant water and carbon dynamics, which influence combustion and heat transfer into the plant and often dictate plant survival, provide the mechanistic linkage between fire behavior and effects. Our conceptual framework linking remotely sensed estimates of plant water and carbon to fine-scale models of fire behavior and effects could be a critical first step toward improving the fidelity of the coarse scale models that are now relied upon for global fire forecasting. This process-based approach will be essential to capturing the influence of physiological responses to drought and warming on live fuel conditions, strengthening the science needed to guide fire managers in an uncertain future