The intensifying accusative clitic ga ‘it’ in Serbian: From syntax to pragmatics

We explore the intensifying accusative clitic (IAC) ga (‘it’) in Serbian, which has no explicit antecedent, neither introduced in the previous discourse, nor contextually available for deictic reference, thus resembling standard ‘dummy’ pronouns. We argue that the IAC ga is referential — it refers to a specific Topic Situation (TS). Specifically, it is base-generated as a Direct Object, marking affectedness of the specific TS. The intensification effects of this clitic emerge pragmatically, due to Levinson’s (2000) M-principle. The paper provides evidence for TSs as legitimate syntactic objects (Kratzer 2007/2021), supporting the view that there are no ‘dummy’ pronouns (e.g. Langacker 2011)

INFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF PREVIOUS CAESAREAN SECTIONS ON LOWER UTERINE SEGMENT STATE

Determining the lower uterine segment (LUS) state before vaginal delivery and after Caesarean section, including pregnant women with more than one Caesarean section, may be an important step towards prevention from still high maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality that follow uterine rupture. In pregnant women with one or more previous Caesarean sections, ultrasonic measuring of thickness and estimating the LUS integrity can objectively show the state of uterine scars. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of several previous Caesarean sections on the LUS state in term pregnant women. The prospective study included 62 pregnant women with one or more previous Caesarean sections – the examined group, and 50 pregnant women without Caesarean section – the control group, that after the 37th week of pregnancy had undergone the transvaginal ultrasonic measuring of the thickness of the LUS muscular tissue. In 57 pregnant women from the examined group delivered with another Caesarean section, we estimated, intraoperatively, the LUS integrity in the scar area. On the same occasion, in the scar area, the presence of defect – partial or complete was detected. The research pointed out that the average LUS thickness in the examined group – 1.92±0.95mm was statistically significantly lower compared to the control group – 2.68±0.97mm (p<0.001). The average LUS thickness in 52 examined women with one Caesarean section was 1.92±0.97mm, and in 9 women with two Caesarean sections the average thickness was lower – 1.78±0.82mm, which does not represent a statistically significant difference (p=0.85). In one pregnant woman with three Caesarean sections, the LUS thickness was 3.30mm. We registered the total of 13 pregnant women with a defect in the Caesarean section scar area (12 partial and 1 complete defects), in 12 women after one Caesarean section and in 1 woman after two Caesarean sections. The research results show that women with previous Caesarean section have significantly thinner LUS, compared to the group of pregnant women without scars. With the increasing number of previous Caesarean sections, the LUS thickness decreases, but the difference is not statistically significant. Intraoperatively, the presence of certain LUS classes compared to the number of previous Caesarean sections is not significantly different. Furthermore, the increase in the number of Caesarean sections does not involve a statistically significant increase in the frequency of Caesarean section scar defects, which is in accordance with other authors’ results

Stav pacijenata i psihijatara o trenutnom stanju farmakoterapije depresije u Srbiji i mogućnosti uvođenja personalizovane farmakoterapije i njenim potencijalnim efektima

The use of antidepressants has been steadily increasing. Even though the amount of evidence on the usefulness of personalized drug dosing in depression treatment is growing, there is still resistance and skepticism among physicians and regulators regarding the implementation of CYP450 genotyping and therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatric clinical practice. The aim of this study was to quantify the opinions of psychiatrists and patients from three large psychiatric clinics in Belgrade, Serbia, and to examine what requirements need to be met to make changes in clinical guidelines or recommendations. All participants completed an anonymous questionnaire that was developed at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade. Fourteen practicing psychiatrists and 30 patients currently treated for depression completed the questionnaire. Distributions of opinion scores were compared between the psychiatrists and patients upon the visual inspection of the violin plots. Our results show that psychiatrists predominantly have a positive opinion on personalized dosing in psychiatry and that patients are most likely to comply with new approaches in depression pharmacotherapy. However, due to the long time needed for regulatory change, it is very unlikely that personalized dosing would be rapidly implemented in clinical practice, even if adequate evidence was to emerge.Upotreba antidepresiva je u stalnom porastu. Iako raste količina dokaza o korisnosti personalizovanog doziranja lekova u lečenju depresije, još uvek postoji veliki otpor i skepticizam među lekarima i regulatorima u pogledu primene CYP450 genotipizacije i terapijskog praćenja lekova u psihijatrijskoj kliničkoj praksi. Cilj ove studije je bio da se kvantifikuju mišljenja psihijatara i pacijenata sa tri velike psihijatrijske klinike u Beogradu, u Srbiji, i da se ispita koji zahtevi treba da budu ispunjeni da bi se izvršile promene u kliničkim smernicama ili preporukama za doziranje antidepresiva. Svi učesnici su popunili anonimni upitnik koji je izrađen na Farmaceutskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu. Upitnik je popunilo 44 učesnika, od kojih 14 psihijatara i 30 pacijenata koji se trenutno leče od depresije. Dodatno je kontaktiran i jedan stručnjak za farmakologiju. Distribucija ocena mišljenja je poređena između psihijatara i pacijenata nakon vizuelnog pregleda violina dijagrama. Naši rezultati pokazuju da psihijatri uglavnom imaju pozitivno mišljenje o personalizovanom doziranju u psihijatriji i da bi se pacijenti većinski pridržavali novih pristupa u farmakoterapiji depresije. Međutim, malo je verovatno da bi regulatorna tela u Srbiji brzo ažurirala svoje smernice, čak i ako bi se pojavili adekvatni dokazi

Finansowe, bilansowe i podatkowe konsekwencje ataku typu ransomware

Ransomware is a prime cybersecurity threat at the moment. In this paper we analyze financial implications of ransomware attacks, motivation of the ransomware victim to pay ransom, and legal, accounting and tax implications of such payment. The methodological approach used in the study is a combination of formal-dogmatic method and argumentative literature review. First, we provide an overview of all potential losses which could be incurred by the ransomware attack. Further, we analyze under which conditions is legal to pay any kind of ransom, including cyber ransom, as an organization as well as which other considerations victims should consider when deciding to pay ransom. In that respect we analyze accounting and tax implications of losses inflicted by the ransomware attack, putting special attention to the ransom payments.Oprogramowanie typu ransomware jest obecnie istotnym zagrożeniem w zakresie cyberbezpieczeństwa. W niniejszym artykule analizujemy finansowe konsekwencje ataków typu ransomware, a także motywy zapłaty okupu przez ofiarę takiego ataku oraz prawne, bilansowe i podatkowe konsekwencje takiej zapłaty. Podejście metodologiczne zastosowane w pracy stanowi połączenie metody formalno-dogmatycznej z metodą krytyki literatury. Na początku opisujemy wszelkie potencjalne straty, jakie mogą wynikać z ataku ransomware. Następnie poddajemy analizie warunki, w których zapłata przez jednostkę organizacyjną okupu jakiegokolwiek rodzaju, w tym wymuszonego drogą komputerową, jest legalna, a także inne względy, które ofiara musi wziąć pod uwagę, decydując się na zapłatę okupu. W tym zakresie analizujemy bilansowe i podatkowe implikacje strat poniesionych na skutek ataku ransomware, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zapłaty okupu

Učinak dipping profila gestacijske hipertenzije na majčine simptome i fizikalne nalaze, porođajnu težinu i prijevremeni porođaj

The study aimed to determine if the non-dipping pattern of blood pressure (BP) influences preterm delivery in gestational hypertension (GH), but also maternal clinical findings and birth weight. Sixty women with GH, i.e. 30 women with a dipping BP profile (control group) and 30 non-dippers (study group), were included in the study. Echocardiography was performed in all subjects, as well as ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) during third trimester. ABPM was repeated 6-8 weeks after delivery. Thirteen women with preterm delivery were classified as non-dippers and only four as dippers (p=0.01). The average and peak systolic and diastolic night-time BP had negative linear correlation with birth weight (p<0.0005). Total vascular resistance (p<0.0005) and mass index (p=0.014) were significantly higher as compared with women with term delivery, while ejection fraction (EF) (p=0.007) and circumferential systolic velocity (p=0.042) were significantly reduced in the preterm delivery group. Multivariate binary logistic regression identified the average night-time systolic BP, left ventricular mass index and EF as independent predictors of preterm delivery. Study results suggested a relationship of the non-dipping BP pattern in GH with preterm delivery, birth weight, and maternal clinical findings.Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost non-dipping profila krvnog tlaka (KT) s prijevremenim porođajem, porođajnom težinom novorođenčeta te kliničkim i ehokardiografskim parametrima kod žena s gestacijskom hipertenzijom (GH). Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 60 žena s GH, 30 s dipping profilom KT (kontrolna skupina) i 30 non-dippera (ispitna skupina). Sve žene podvrgnute su kompletnoj ehokardiografiji i 24-satnom ambulantnom praćenju krvnog tlaka (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, ABPM) tijekom trećeg trimestra, a ABPM je ponovljen 6-8 tjedana nakon porođaja. Ukupno 17 žena imalo je prijevremeni porođaj. Trinaest žena s prijevremenim porođajem imalo je non-dipping profil KT, dok su samo četiri žene imale dipping profil KT (0,01). Prosječni i maksimalni sistolički i dijastolički noćni KT imali su negativnu linearnu korelaciju s porođajnom težinom (p<0,0005). Ukupna vaskularna rezistencija (p<0,0005) i indeks mase miokarda lijeve klijetke (p=0,014) bili su znatno viši u skupini žena s prijevremenim porođajem, dok su parametri sistoličke funkcije, tj. ejekcijska frakcija (EF) (p=0,007) i brzina cirkumferentnog skraćenja miokarda lijevog ventrikla (p=0,042) bili statistički značajno sniženi u skupini žena s prijevremenim porođajem. Multivarijatna regresijska analiza pokazala je da su prosječni noćni sistolički KT, indeks mase lijevog ventrikla i EF identificirani kao nezavisni prediktori prijevremenog porođaja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da postoji povezanost između non-dipping profila KT s prijevremenim porođajem, porođajnom težinom novorođenčeta i poremećajem hemodinamskog statusa majke u GH

Prethodnice sveučilišnoga poduzetništva: empirijski dokazi sa srpskih državnih sveučilišta

The aim of this paper is to portray the effects of individual entrepreneurial orientation of the faculty (professors, teaching assistants and researchers) on entrepreneurial outcomes and outputs of Serbian higher education institutions. Particular objective of the paper is to examine and explore how research mobilization, unconventionality, industry collaboration and university policies affect entrepreneurial outcomes – joint research agreements, contractual agreements, consulting activities, establishment of spin-offs and patenting. For this purpose, primary data were collected at Serbian public universities. In total, 552 respondents correctly fulfilled the questionnaire specifically designed to meet the purpose of the study. The results indicate that entrepreneurial orientation plays a statistically significant role in entrepreneurial outcomes. However, entrepreneurial orientation is more important in commercial than non-commercial research outcomes.Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati utjecaj individualne poduzetničke orijentacije akademika (profesora, asistenata i istraživača) na poduzetničke ishode srpskih institucija visokoga obrazovanja. Posebna zadaća ovoga rada bila je ispitati i istražiti kako pokretanje istraživanja, nekonvencionalnost, suradnja s industrijom i sveučilišna politika djeluju na rezultate u poduzetništvu – zajedničke istraživačke sporazume, ugovorna istraživanja, aktivnosti savjetovanja, osnivanje tvrtki kćeri (spin-off) i patentiranje. Za tu svrhu sakupljeni su primarni podatci na srpskim državnim sveučilištima. Ukupno je 552 ispitanika točno ispunilo upitnike osmišljene za potrebe ovoga istraživanja. Rezultati pokazuju da poduzetnička orijentacija ima statistički značajnu ulogu u poduzetničkim ishodima te da je poduzetnička orijentacija važnija u komercijalnim nego u nekomercijalnim istraživačkim ishodima

Analiza urbane bezbednosti otvorenog javnog prostora: Novobeogradski blok 21 u periodu od 2013. godine do danas

U teorijskim razmatranjima i urbanom dizajnu, bezbednost je preduslov za životnost i intenzivno korišćenje otvorenog javnog prostora. Težište ovog rada predstavlja bezbednost sa aspekta korisnika prostora odnosno osećaj lične bezbednosti. Koncept prevencije kriminala kroz dizajn okruženja (CPTED) nudi mnogobrojna rešenja za sigurnost i bezbednost korisnika u javnom prostoru, ali otvara se pitanje njegove primene, posebno u kontekstu nepredviđenih situacija kao što su globalna pandemija ili drugi savremeni fenomeni. Potrebno je raditi na njegovoj rekonceptualizaciji u budućnosti. Metodologija ovog rada zasniva se na metodologiji prethodnih istraživanja novobeogradskog bloka 21 iz 2017. i 2013. godine, odnosno na sprovođenju metoda struktuiranih anketa i intervjua i obradi prikupljenih podataka u cilju stručne opservacije i analize postojećeg stanja. Nova anketa sprovedena je ove godine, tako da još jedan važan segment rada jeste uporedna analiza rezultata iz 2013, 2017. i 2022. godine. Cilj rada je ispitati da li je urbana bezbednost otvorenih javnih prostora u bloku 21 poboljšana ili pogoršana u periodu od 2013. godine do danas. Rad polazi od pretpostavke da je pandemija covid-19 uticala na promene u korišćenju otvorenih javnih prostora novobeogradskog bloka, kao i na povećanje svesti o aspektima značaja otvorenog javnog prostora i njegove bezbednosti. Rezultati bi trebalo da pokažu koji prostorni elementi bloka najviše utiču na aspekt bezbednosti u korišćenju prostora, kao i koji su uticali na promenu svesti u vreme pandemije

Apolipoprotein B gene polymorphisms in patients from Serbia with ischemic cerebrovascular disease

The plasma concentration of apoB has recently been reported to be the best lipid predictor of coronary heart disease. The possible associations of genetic markers in the apolipoprotein B gene (XbaI, EcoRI, MspI, Ins/Del, and 4311 A/G polymorphisms) were evaluated in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) and controls of equivalent BMI. The odds ratio for ICVD in the X+X+ genotype was 2.22, 95% CI 1.24-3.96 (P&lt;0.05), while that for ICVD in the Ins/Ins genotype was 2.82, 95% CI 1.57-5.06 (P&lt;0.05). The patients had significantly higher frequency of the 4311A allele compared to the controls (P&lt;0.01). Our results support the assumption that apoB gene polymorphisms may contribute to the extent of cerebrovascular disease risk

The effect of chronic food restriction on liver acute phase protein response in female and male Wistar rats

The acute inflammatory response of the liver associated with chronic food restriction was examined in adult female and male Wistar rats. The changes in the levels of serum markers of liver injury, AST and ALT and the appearance of a serum marker of inflammation, the acute phase protein (APP) haptoglobin (Hp) were assessed following turpentine treatment of well-nourished (WN) controls and undernourished (UN) rats. Undernutrition was induced by food restriction during a six week period by offering chow equivalent to 50% of the normal food intake. In the female rats undernutrition significantly potentiated liver injury and increased their sensitivity to the toxic effects of turpentine, which was opposite to the results obtained for males. Differences in the basal levels of AST, ALT and Hp between females and males imply that the effects of chronic food restriction on protein synthesis in the liver are gender related.Ispitivan je akutni inflamatorni odgovor jetre odraslih ženki i mužjaka Wistar pacova u uslovima hroničnog izgladnjivanja. Praćene su promene koncentracije AST-a i ALT-a kao serumskih markera povrede jetre, i prisustvo akutno faznog proteina haptoglobina-serumskog markera inflamacije, nakon tretiranja normalno hranjenih (WN) i neuhranjenih pacova (UN) terpentinom. Neuhranjenost je bila indukovana restrikcijom hrane u periodu od šest nedelja količinom koja je za 50% bila manja od one koja se normalno uzima. Kod ženki pacova neuhranjenost je značajno potencirala inflamaciju jetre i povećava senzitivnost na toksične efekte terpentina što je suprotno od onog dobijenog za mužjake. Razlike u bazalnim nivoima AST-a, ALT-a i haptoglobina između ženki i mužjaka ukazuju da su efekti hroničnog izgladnjivanja na sistem za proteinsku sintezu u jetri specifični za pol.nul

Železnički mostovi na interoperabilnim prugama - aspekt interakcije kolosek/most

The Institute for Standardization of Serbia has adopted a large number of en standards in the field of bridges as Serbian standards. Unfortunately, technical regulations based on the implementation of the adopted en standards in the field of bridges are still not made. The paper presents requirements for railway bridges based on en standards, UIC leaflets and German technical regulations. The aspect of track/bridge interaction is primarily considered. The parameters of track/bridge interaction, principles of calculation, as well as the overview of open points are presented. As the most important parameters of the bridge structure were considered: bridge expansion length, stiffness of the bridge substructure, as well as the bending stiffness and height of the bridge deck. Further, the effects of vertical load, temperature changes, and acceleration/breaking of the vehicle on the mentioned interaction are especially analysed. In addition, the conclusions of the paper apply to both ballasted track and slab track. The aim of the paper is to create a basis for the harmonisation of technical regulations in Serbia with European regulations in order to meet the requirements of interoperability.Institut za standardizaciju Srbije usvojio je EN standarde u oblasti mostova kao srpske standarde. Nažalost, još uvek nije urađena tehnička regulativa zasnovana na primeni usvojenih EN standarda u oblasti mostova. U radu se prikazuju zahtevi za železničke mostove koji su zasnovani na EN standardima, UIC objavama i na nemačkoj tehničkoj regulativi. Primarno se obrađuje aspekt interakcije kolosek/most. Predstavljeni su parametri interakcije kolosek/most, principi proračuna, kao i pregled otvorenih pitanja. Kao najznačajniji parametri konstrukcije mosta razmatrani su: dužine dilatiranja mosta, krutost konstrukcije donjeg stroja mosta, kao i krutost na savijanje i visina konstrukcije gornjeg stroja mosta. Pored toga, posebno su analizirani uticaji vertikalnog opterećenja, temperaturnih promena, kao i ubrzavanja/kočenja vozila na pomenutu interakciju. Zaključci rada se odnose i na kolosek u zastoru od tucanika i na kolosek na čvrstoj podlozi. Cilj rada je stvaranje osnove za harmonizaciju tehničke regulative u Srbiji sa evropskom regulativom kako bi se ispunili zahtevi interoperabilnosti