Palladium-Catalyzed [5 + 2] Rollover Annulation of 1-Benzylpyrazoles with Alkynes: A Direct Entry to Tricyclic 2-Benzazepines

The first Pd-catalyzed [5 + 2] rollover annulation of 1-benzylpyrazoles with alkynes to assemble 10H-benzo[e]pyrazolo[1,5-a]azepines (tricyclic 2-benzazepines) has been developed. The rollover annulation implies a twofold C–H activation of aryl and heteroaryl Csp2–H bonds (C–H/C–H) of 1-benzylpyrazoles (five-atom partners) and alkynes to give the [5 + 2] annulated compounds.We acknowledge financial support from MICINN (Project PID2020-118048GB-I00 and ORFEO−CINQA Network RED2018-102387-T), the Xunta de Galicia (Project ED431C 2022/27 and Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia Accreditation 2019−2022, ED431G 2019/03), and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). A.S.-L. thanks MICINN for a predoctoral contract.S

Change detection of buildings from satellite imagery and lidar data

Geospatial objects change over time and this necessitates periodic updating of the cartography that represents them. Currently, this updating is done manually, by interpreting aerial photographs, but this is an expensive and time-consuming process. While several kinds of geospatial objects are recognized, this article focuses on buildings. Specifically, we propose a novel automatic approach for detecting buildings that uses satellite imagery and laser scanner data as a tool for updating buildings for a vector geospatial database. We apply the support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm to a joint satellite and laser data set for the extraction of buildings. SVM training is automatically carried out from the vector geospatial database. For visualization purposes, the changes are presented using a variation of the traffic-light map. The different colours assist human operators in performing the final cartographic updating. Most of the important changes were detected by the proposed method. The method not only detects changes, but also identifies inaccuracies in the cartography of the vector database. Small houses and low buildings surrounded by high trees present significant problems with regard to automatic detection compared to large houses and taller buildings. In addition to visual evaluation, this study was checked for completeness and correctness using numerical evaluation and receiver operating characteristic curves. The high values obtained for these parameters confirmed the efficacy of the method

The Bañolas human mandible revisited (Gerona, Spain)

La mandíbula de Bañolas, descubierta en 1887 en Bañolas (Gerona, España), es un fósil humano sobre cuya asignación taxonómica no hay aún consenso. En diferentes estudios ha sido incluida dentro de Homo neanderthalensis {King, 1864} (Hernández-Pacheco & Obermaier, 1915; Sánchez, 1993), dentro de los ante-neandertales (de Lumley, 1971-72) y dentro de los ante-würmienses (Roth & Simon, 1993). Recientemente, Daura y colaboradores (Daura et al., 2005), en su artículo sobre la mandíbula fósil de la Cova del Gegant, sugieren que la mandíbula de Bañolas no presenta caracteres neandertales y que, dada su cronología, podría haber pertenecido a un Homo sapiens {Linneo, 1758}. Este estudio trata de arrojar luz sobre la cuestión de la asignación taxonómica de la mandíbula de Bañolas. Para ello se han utilizado caracteres morfológicos discretos que permiten discriminar entre las especies H. heidelbergensis {Schoetensack, 1908}, H. neanderthalensis y H. sapiens. La conclusión del trabajo es que los estados de los caracteres que presenta la mandíbula de Bañolas son, en su mayor parte, más frecuentes en H. sapiens que en las otras dos especies tenidas en cuenta.Since the discovery of a fossil human mandible in 1887 near the city of Bañolas (Gerona, Spain), there has been considerable disagreement among scholars as to its taxonomic allocation. In different studies the specimen has been included within Homo neanderthalensis {King, 1864} (Hernández-Pacheco & Obermaier, 1915; Sánchez, 1993), ante-Neandertals (de Lumley, 1971-72) or an ante-würmian (Roth & Simon, 1993) species. More recently, the Bañolas mandible has been argued to lack derived Neandertal traits (Daura et al., 2005). Although the mandible was found in a quarry of travertine, its exact location is unknown. Some patches of travertine adhered to the specimen have provided a geochronological age range between 17,6 to 110 kyr (Berger & Libby, 1966¸ Yokoyama et al., 1987; Julià & Bischoff, 1991; Grün et al., 2006). The only direct dating of the mandible yielded an age of 66 ± 7 kyr B.P. (Grün et al., 2006). After a recent examination of the original specimen, a number of morphological traits of this mandible has been described and compared with information from the literature regarding H. heidelbergensis {Schoetensack, 1908}, H. neanderthalensis and both fossil and extant H. sapiens {Linneo, 1758} mandibles. These characters have been considered to be of taxonomical significance to discriminate between these three species (see below for references). Despite the fragmentary condition of the Bañolas mandible, a considerable number of morphological traits can be evaluated: presence/absence of the mental trigone (Schwartz & Tattersall , 2000), shape of the anterior basal corpus (Quam & Smith, 1998), position of the digastric fossa (de Lumley, 1973), number, size and location of the mental foramen (Trinkaus, 1993), presence/absence of the retromolar space and inclination of the retromolar triangle (Franciscus & Trinkaus, 1995; Rosas, 2001), shape of the mandibular foramen (Smith, 1978), size and shape of the medial pterygoid tubercle (Antón, 1996), relative position between the condyle and the ascending ramus plane (Rosas, 2001; Nicholson & Harvati, 2006; Trinkaus, 2006), dimensions of the submental incisure (Mounier et al., 2009), location and trajectory of the mylohyoid line (Mounier et al., 2009), size of the alveolar plane (Mounier et al., 2009), shape of the gonion (Creed-Miles et al., 1996) and relative position of the lateral prominence to the dentition (Rosas, 2001; Mounier et al., 2009). The state of these characters in the Bañolas mandible is as follow: absence of mental trigone (but slight evidences of a possible mental fossa and a possible central keel) (Fig. 1), triangular anterior basal corpus shape (Figs. 1 and 3), disgastric fossa located in the posterior face of the symphysis (Figs. 1 and 3 ), a single small mental foramen placed in the upper half of the corpus and below the P4 (Fig. 2), absence of retromolar space and an oblique retromolar triangle relative to the alveolar margin (Figs. 2 and 6), small and not lib-shaped medial pteriogoid tubercle (Fig. 5), medially placed condyle relative to the ascending ramus plane (Fig. 4), large dimensions of the submental incisure (Fig. 2), mylohyoid line that starts near the M3 and follows obliquely to the alveolar margin (Fig. 4), not large (wide) alveolar plane (Fig. 6), rounded (not truncated) gonion (Figs. 2 and 4) and anteriorly placed lateral prominence (M2 and M2/ M3 septum) (Fig. 2). Regarding the mandibular foramen, it seems to present a lingula, it could confirm the presence of a normal mandibular foramen type and it would discard the possibility of an H-O mandibular foramen type (Smith, 1978) (Fig. 5). Except for the large submental incisure and the absence of mental trigone, the state of all these characters is more frequent in Homo sapiens specimens (de Lumley, 1973; Smith, 1978; Trinkaus, 1993; Franciscus & Trinkaus, 1995; Antón, 1996; Creed-Miles et al., 1996; Quam & Smith, 1998; Rosas, 2001; Nicholson & Harvati, 2006; Trinkaus, 2006; Mounier et al., 2009). The large submental incisure is a characteristic trait of Homo heidelbergensis and the absence of mental trigone is a plesiomophic character shared by Homo neanderthalensis, Homo heidelbergensis and some upper Pleistocene Homo sapiens individuals (Schwartz & Tattersall , 2000). On the view of this work our conclusion is that the Bañolas mandible shows neither derived Neandertal traits nor clear affinities to H. heidelbergensis. On the contrary, this specimen bears a greater resemblance to the H. sapiens mandibles.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEpu

Enzymatic degradation behavior of self-degradable lipase-embedded aliphatic and aromatic polyesters and their blends

Over the past decade, the preparation of novel materials by enzyme-embedding into biopolyesters has been proposed as a straightforward method to produce self-degrading polymers. This paper reports the preparation and enzymatic degradation of extruded self-degradable films of three different biopolyesters: poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), as well as three binary/ternary blends. Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) has been employed for the enzyme-embedding procedure, and to the best of our knowledge, the use of this approach in biopolyester blends has not been reported before. The three homopolymers exhibited differentiated degradation and suggested a preferential attack of CalB on PBS films over PBAT and PLA. Moreover, the self-degradable films obtained from the blends showed slow degradation, probably due to the higher content in PLA and PBAT. These observations pave the way for exploring enzymes capable of degrading all blend components or an enzymatic mixture for blend degradation.Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum ResponsablesPostprint (published version

Los movimientos sociales en perspectiva. Análisis comparado de las movilizaciones armadas y estudiantiles y su incidencia en la reconfiguración del Estado mexicano contemporáneo

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar, desde diversos paradigmas explicativos un análisis comparado del impacto de los movimientos sociales en México en la crisis y reconfiguración del Estado y en sus derivaciones en el sistema político, tanto en su faceta autoritaria, como en su perspectiva plural y democrática. Se parte de dos tipos de movimientos: los estudiantiles y los armados con diversos tipos de reivindicaciones. Para ello, se toman como materia de estudio: los movimientos armados de Guerrero en los años 70 y el movimiento estudiantil de 1968, donde se profundiza su impacto frente a un régimen autoritario. A su vez, se analizan también los movimientos de autodefensa en Michoacán como prototipos de movimientos sociales en un marco completamente diferenciadas en tiempo y circunstancia, pero que igual han impactado las dinámicas que rigen al Estado y sistema político de nuestro país. Es un análisis comparado y transversal de corte interpretativo con base en fuentes documentales relacionadas con la reconfiguración del Estado mexicano contemporáneo. La información resultante se interpretó con el apoyo informático de ATLAS ti, versión 8. Los hallazgos de esta investigación muestran que en los cinco casos se aprecian transformaciones en las dinámicas políticas del Estado y en la forma en que se procesaron dentro del sistema político mexicano, lo cual evidencia que los movimientos sociales en México sí han servido como catalizador en los procesos de cambio político que han desmantelado paulatinamente esquemas autoritarios de poder político, pero también denotan una debilidad institucional para asimilarlos.

Evaluación del Riesgo Ambiental y a la Salud Humana Asociados a Altas Concentraciones de Plaguicidas en la Cuenca del Río Ayuquila Jalisco

Several investigations worldwide have focused on studying the impact of water pollution on human health, and evidence suggests potential public health issues and adverse effects on the environment. Anthropogenic factors have been recognized as one of the main causes of water resource pollution, particularly excessive pesticide use, identified as chemical compounds used in agricultural activities to keep crops free of weeds and insects, counteracting the growing demand for food production. Jalisco state is the largest agri-food producer in Mexico just recently, the purpose of the research was the monitoring and determination of 17 pesticides in 13 different points of the Ayuquila River during the years 2015, 2016, and 2017. The results of this study demonstrate the occurrence of pesticides in the entirety of sampling points with detection frequencies in a range of 10 - 100%, being malathion the pesticide most detected during the three years of the study. Finally, the risks to the environment (RQi) and human health (HQ) were calculated, evidencing that the concentrations detected for diazinon, dimethoate, emamectin, and malathion reached significant values (≥1) to represent a risk. The relatively high concentrations found in this study suggest that the presence and high prevalence rate of these pollutants in the water of the Ayuquila River could be derived from an intensive increase in the use of pesticide mixtures in the agricultural areas of the region.Recientemente un gran número de investigaciones a lo largo del mundo se han enfocado en estudiar el impacto de la contaminación del agua en la salud humana, evidenciando potenciales problemas de salud pública y efectos adversos al medio ambiente. Los factores antropogénicos han sido identificados como una de las principales causas de la contaminación de los recursos hídricos, en especial, el uso excesivo de plaguicidas, compuestos químicos utilizados en actividades agrícolas para mantener libres de maleza e insectos los cultivos, contrarrestando la creciente demanda de producción de alimentos. Siendo el estado de Jalisco el mayor productor agroalimentario de México en los últimos años, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue el monitoreo y determinación de 17 plaguicidas en 13 puntos diferentes de la cuenca del río Ayuquila, Jalisco durante los años 2015, 2016 y 2017. Entre los principales hallazgos se encontró la presencia de plaguicidas en todos los puntos de muestreo con frecuencias de detección en un rango del 10 – 100%, siendo el malatión el pesticida mayormente detectado durante los tres años del estudio. Finalmente, se calcularon los riesgos al medio ambiente (RQi) y la salud humana (HQ) demostrando que las concentraciones detectadas para diazinon, dimetoato, emamectina y malatión alcanzaron valores significativos (≥1) para representar un potencial riesgo a la población. Las concentraciones relativamente altas que fueron encontradas en este estudio sugieren que la presencia y alta tasa de prevalencia de plaguicidas en agua del río Ayuquila podría ser derivado de un intensivo aumento en el uso de mezclas de estos en las zonas agrícolas de la región

Influence of cortical bone and implant design in the primary stability of dental implants measured by two different devices of resonance frequency analysis : an in vitro study

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the implant design and the presence of cortical bone in the primary stability, as well as analyze the differences between the stability measurements obtained by two different resonance frequency analysis (RFA) devices. A total of 80 Klockner implants of two different models [40 Essential Cone implants (group A) and 40 Vega implants (group B)] were used. The implants were placed in two polyurethane blocks that simulated the mechanical properties of the maxillary bone. One block featured a layer of cortical bone that was absent from the other block. The primary stability of all implants was measured by insertion torque and RFA using two different devices: Penguin RFA and Osstell IDX. Primary stability was superior in the cortical bone in both torque and RFA. In the block containing cortical bone, group A implants obtained a greater insertion torque than did group B. The insertion torque was lesser in the bone lacking cortex. Regarding the ISQ of the implants, group A presented higher values in the block with cortical bone, but the values were lower in the block without cortical bone. There were no significant differences between the values obtained from the Osstell IDX and Penguin RFA. The presence of cortical bone positively influences the primary stability of dental implants. The design of the implant also has a statistically significant influence on implant primary stability, although the impact depends on whether there is coronal cerclage or not. There were no statistically significant differences in the implant stability measurements obtained by two different devices

Acquiring Medical Statistical Competencies in a Demanding Evidence-Based World: Thoughts and Experience from a Student Statistical Team in a Mexican Academic Center

Training and encouraging students to critically review the evidence and make evidence-based decisions should be one of the goals of medical education. We report our experience developing an extracurricular university student statistical team that offer statistical aid to other students and faculty. This includes supervised training sessions and mentoring in diverse scientific research fields performed in our university

Sensorised child walker for the assessment of rehabilitation therapies

The balance and corporal position of people with movement disorders improve when walkers or devices for the mobility aid are used [1]. The ability to walk and interact with the environment causes improvements in the gait, the muscle strength, the endurance, and the muscle innervation. In addition, the use of gait support systems promotes user participation and interaction, giving them greater autonomy and a better life quality. There are many works that offer solutions adapted to the patient's condition and their pathology and allow doctors to personalize rehabilitation therapies based on patient’s evolution [2, 3]. However, many static training platforms, pediatric exoskeletons and smart walkers can be unfeasible for most rehabilitation centers. This project addresses the development of an affordable sensorised walker capable of detecting and storing parameters induced by the patient in a passive posterior walker prototype. The walker is designed for training the gait and monitoring of the patient’s progress. In this way, professionals in the rehabilitation field such as orthopedists, doctors and physiotherapists will be able to use the electronic instrumentation of the walker to complement the obtained information through observational assessment scales and personalize recovery therapies taking into account the data provided by each user in the performed tests.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech