Changes in institutional and social–ecological system robustness due to the adoption of large-scale irrigation technology in Navarre (Spain)

Many regional and national organisations promote the modernisation of agriculture by supporting new technologies to increase their territory's competitiveness in a free-market context. Such technologies and their associated intensive land management practices are geared towards obtaining higher yields. However, their application also entails changes in water and land management institutions, which could alter interactions among multiple components of the agrarian social ecological system and potentially weaken the system. Here, we assess how these components and their relations change in a village situated in Navarre (Spain) after the uptake of large-scale irrigation infrastructure. Specifically, we analyse such changes by comparing how the design principles for robust social ecological systems manifest before and after the adoption of large-scale irrigation. Our findings indicate that an unequal distribution of water and land induces some farmers to abandon their agrarian activities. Our case study also shows how irrigation communities have partially lost their autonomy to self-organise and make agrarian management-related decisions. We suggest that the adoption of large-scale irrigation in this region contributes to a decrease in cooperation among resource users, and between users and infrastructure providers. This is due to a decline in the capacity to achieve collective-choice arrangements and higher external control and monitoring of water use. We argue that the current agrarian management changes may damage social ecological system robustness and affect the sustainable use of common-pool resources, leading farmers to maladaptation to climate and market variability. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP EnvironmentThis work is the outcome of a research collaboration between the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and the Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). It has received funds from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007‐2013) under Grant Agreement 264465 (EcoFINDERS), and BC3 has also cofunded different parts of the fieldwork. We also want to thank the grant for contracts of Postdoctoral Training of the Education Department of the Eusko Jaurlaritza. Thanks to Jean Francois Bissonnette for proofreading previous versions of this manuscript, as well as Professor Frances Cleaver and Dr. Robert Hardie for the final reviews in the last stage of publication. Finally, thanks to Julen Ugalde for transcribing the focus group discussions and his support during all the research. This work is the outcome of a research collaboration between the Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3) and the Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). It has received funds from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 264465 (EcoFINDERS), and BC3 has also cofunded different parts of the fieldwork. We also want to thank the grant for contracts of Postdoctoral Training of the Education Department of the Eusko Jaurlaritza. Thanks to Jean Francois Bissonnette for proofreading previous versions of this manuscript, as well as Professor Frances Cleaver and Dr. Robert Hardie for the final reviews in the last stage of publication. Finally, thanks to Julen Ugalde for transcribing the focus group discussions and his support during all the research

The role of the social network structure on the spread of intensive agriculture: an example from Navarre, Spain

Social networks influence decision-making in agricultural landscapes by affecting how farmers access knowledge and resources. However, researchers ignore the disparate structures built to access different kinds of knowledge and resources and the social mechanisms that take place on such farmers advice networks. We explored the role of social networks in decision-making among farmers in Navarre (Spain) to understand how and why some practices spread among farming communities. Social network analysis allows us to understand how farmers in this region share both knowledge and resources, and the potential implications of this sharing for the landscape. We find that large-scale farmers undertaking intensive land management are at the core of the network in this region, controlling the flow of knowledge and resources related to farm management, policy, technology, and finance. The central position of these farmers in the social network, and their reputation, is key to the spread of intensive farming practices in the region, which ultimately may lead to homogenization of local agricultural landscapes. Understanding farmer network structures in a context of agricultural intensification can help tease out the social mechanisms, such as farmers joining each other in cooperatives, behind the spread of agricultural practices. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Many thanks to all the participants, especially to the lead author?s host Patxi Sueskun, and the people from the local cooperative: Rogelio Rodriguez, Andrea Ayestaran, and Leire Elorz. Without their help, this work would have not been possible. The lead author would also like to mention Julen Ugalde for his support in Canada during the data analysis and Jesse Rieb, Jesse Sayles, Jacopo Baggio, Karina Benessaiah, Carrie Dai, and Yevgen Nazarenko for their help at different stages of this research. Likewise, we are grateful for the insightful comments of the four reviewers that have made this paper stronger and sharper

Determining freshwater lake communities’ vulnerability to snowstorms in the northwest territories

As the exposure to extreme snowstorms continues to change in response to a warming climate, this can lead to higher infrastructure damages, financial instability, accessibility restrictions, as well as safety and health effects. However, it is challenging to quantify the impacts associated with the combination of the many biophysical and socio-economic factors for resiliency and adaptation assessments across many disciplines on multiple spatial and temporal scales. This study ap-plies a framework to quantitatively determine the multiple impacts of snowstorms by calculating the livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) for four exposed freshwater lake communities in Canada s Northwest Territories using three contributing factors (exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capac-ity). Results indicate that Déline is the most vulnerable community (0.67), because it has the highest exposure and one of the highest sensitivity ranks, while its ability to adapt to exposure stressors is the lowest among the communities. In contrast, Fort Resolution exhibits the lowest LVI (0.26) and has one of the highest adaptive capacities. This study emphasizes that while these freshwater communities may be exposed to snowstorms, they have different levels of sensitivity and adaptive capacities in place that influences their vulnerability to changes in hazardous snowfall conditions. The information gained from this study can help guide future adaptation, mitigation, and resiliency practices for Arctic sustainability efforts. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This research was funded by the McGill Sustainability Systems Initiative (MSSI), grant number 246889” from Montreal, Canada

A framework for using autonomous adaptation as a leverage point in sustainable climate adaptation

Planned adaptations are commonly adopted by governments considering large-scale socio-economic and political interventions, while local communities innovate their adaptive responses using locally available resources â also known as autonomous adaptation. Congruence between planned and autonomous adaptation is needed to develop a concerted and effective effort to minimize the negative impacts of context-specific vulnerability. This paper offers a systematic framework for building congruence between planned and autonomous adaptation using a six-step approach to guide their integration while maintaining an environment for future autonomous innovations. We applied this framework to previously conducted case studies in Spain, Bangladesh and Canada, revealing key lessons for using autonomous adaptation as leverage points for sustainable climate adaptation. © 2021The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Funding 201989 (Rahman PI). The authors would also like to thank Professor Kate Sherren, School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada for her comments on the earlier draft of the paper

El Servicio de Validación de Copernicus EMS como vector de mejora de la cartografía de emergencias basada en Sentinel

[EN] The Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS) is coordinated by the European Commission and “provides all actors involved in the management of natural disasters, man-made emergency situations, and humanitarian crises with timely and accurate geo-spatial information derived from satellite remote sensing and complemented by available in situ or open data sources”. It includes two components, Early Warning and Monitoring and Mapping. The latter provides on demand geo-spatial information derived from satellite imagery during all phases of the disaster management cycle. It includes 3 systems, Rapid Mapping (RM), Risk and Recovery Mapping (RRM), and a Validation Service. RM provides geospatial information immediately after a disaster to assess its impact; RRM in the prevention, preparation and reconstruction phases; and the Validation Service is in charge of validating and verifying the products generated by both, and of collecting and analyzing users’ feedback. The wide spectrum of activities framed in the Validation Service has allowed it to become a vector to improve the Mapping component through the testing of new methodologies, data input type, or approach for the creation of emergency cartography in the frame of the CEMS. The present paper introduces the main investigation lines based on Sentinel-1 and 2 for flood and fire monitoring that could be implemented in the CEMS services taking into consideration the characteristics of the Mapping component in terms of products to create and time constraints. The applicability of Sentinel-1 for flood monitoring based on the backscattering, the MultiTemporal Coherence (MTC), and dual polarization; and for burnt area delineation based on MTC was studied, while Sentinel-2 was used for burnt area delineation based on vegetation indices. Results indicate that proposed methodologies might be appropriate for the creation of crisis information products in large areas, due to the relative easy and fast implementation compared to classic photo interpretation, although further applicability analyses should be carried out.[ES] El Servicio de Gestión de Emergencias de Copernicus (CEMS), está coordinado por la Comisión Europea y “provee de información geoespacial precisa y oportuna derivada de la teledetección satelital y completada por fuentes de datos disponibles in situ o abiertas a todos los actores involucrados en la gestión de emergencias, bien sean derivadas de desastres naturales o producidos por el hombre, o de crisis humanitarias”. El servicio tiene dos componentes, uno de alerta temprana y monitoreo y otro de creación de mapas. El servicio de mapeo se encarga de proveer, bajo demanda, a los diferentes agentes de emergencias de información geoespacial derivada de imágenes de satélite en todas las fases de la gestión de emergencias, consta de 3 sistemas, Rapid Mapping (RM), Risk and Recovery Mapping (RRM), y Validation. RM aporta información inmediatamente después de un desastre para evaluar su impacto; RRM en las fases de prevención, preparación y reconstrucción; y la Validación se encarga de validar y verificar los productos generados por ambos, y de recoger y analizar los comentarios de los usuarios. El amplio espectro de actividades enmarcadas en él le ha permitido ser vector de mejora de los servicios de mapeo de emergencias mediante el testeo de nuevas metodologías, tipos de datos, o enfoques para la creación de cartografías de emergencias en el marco de CEMS. El presente artículo describe las principales líneas de investigación en el uso de datos Sentinel-1 y 2 para la monitorización de inundaciones e incendios, que se podrían implementar en el futuro en el marco de CEMS. La aplicabilidad de Sentinel-1 para el monitoreo de inundaciones basado en la retrodispersión, la coherencia multitemporal (MTC) y la polarización dual; y se estudió la delimitación del área quemada basada en MTC. Sentinel-2 se usó para delimitar áreas quemadas en base a índices de vegetación. Los resultados indican que las metodologías propuestas podrían ser apropiadas para la creación de productos de información de crisis en grandes áreas, debido a la implementación relativamente fácil y rápida en comparación con la fotointerpretación clásica, aunque deberían realizarse más análisis para su aplicación en el marco de CEMS.The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Massimiliano Rossi and Antigoni Maistrali for the preparation of the materials analysed in this work.Donezar-Hoyos, U.; Albizua-Huarte, L.; Amezketa-Lizarraga, E.; Barinagarrementeria-Arrese, I.; Ciriza, R.; De Blas-Corral, T.; Larrañaga-Urien, A.... (2020). The Copernicus EMS Validation service as a vector for improving the emergency mapping based on Sentinel data. Revista de Teledetección. 0(56):23-34. https://doi.org/10.4995/raet.2020.13770OJS233405

Applicability of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images for the detection and delineation of crisis information in the scope of Copernicus EMS services

[EN] This study shows the inclusion of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 images in the workflows to obtain of crisis information of different types of events and their applicability in the detection and monitoring of those events. Sentinel is an Earth Observation (EO) program that is currently being developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) in the scope of the Copernicus program operative since April 2012, formerly known as Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES). This program comprises six missions, out of which three are active, Sentinel-1 that provides radar images, Sentinel-.2 providing High Resolution optical images and Sentinel-3 developed to support GMES ocean, land, atmospheric, emergency, security and cryospheric applications. The present paper describes the use of Sentinel-1 radar to detect and delineate flooded areas, and the MultiTemporal Coherence (MTC) analysis applied with pre and post-event images to delimit and monitor burnt areas and lava flows. With respect to Sentinel-2, its high spectral resolution bands allowed the delineation of burnt areas by calculating differences of vegetation and burnt indices using pre and postevent images. Results using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data were compared with results using higher spatial resolution images, both optical and radar. In all cases, the usability of Sentinel images was proven.[ES] El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en analizar la aplicabilidad de la incorporación de imágenes Sentinel-1 y Sentinel-2 en los flujos de trabajo para obtener información de crisis de diferente naturaleza, así como su aplicación en la detección y monitorización de dichos eventos. Sentinel es un programa de observación de la tierra que está siendo desarrollado por la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA) en el marco del programa Copernicus operativo desde abril de 2012, previamente denominado Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES). Consta de seis misiones, de las cuales en estos momentos están activas tres, Sentinel-1 que proporciona imágenes radar, Sentinel-2 que proporciona imágenes ópticas de Alta Resolución y Sentinel-3, que proporciona servicios globales de vigilancia terrestre, atmosférica, de gestión de emergencias y seguridad y de la criosfera. En el presente artículo, se muestra la aplicación práctica de los datos radar Sentinel-1 en la detección de zonas inundadas y su uso para la detección de cambios por medio de análisis MultiTemporal de Coherencia (MTC) de imágenes radar para la delimitación de incendios y monitorización de flujos de lava. Respecto a Sentinel-2, se explotan las capacidades que proporciona su alta resolución espectral para la delimitación de incendios mediante el cálculo de diferencias de índices de vegetación entre las imágenes pre- y post-evento. Los resultados usando Sentinel-1 y Sentinel-2 se han comparado, en todos los casos, con resultados obtenidos a partir de imágenes de mayor resolución espacial, tanto ópticas como radar. Los buenos resultados de estas comparaciones demuestran la utilidad de imágenes Sentinel para los 3 casos estudiados.Donezar-Hoyos, U.; Larrañaga Urien, A.; Tamés-Noriega, A.; Sánchez-Gil, C.; Albizua-Huarte, L.; Ciriza-Labiano, R.; Del Barrio-Arellano, F. (2017). Aplicación de imágenes Sentinel-1 y Sentinel-2 en la detección y delineación de información de crisis de desastres naturales en el marco de los servicios Copernicus EMS. Revista de Teledetección. (50):49-57. doi:10.4995/raet.2017.8896SWORD495750Altman, D.G. (1991). Practical statistics for medical research. New York. Chapman and Hall.Henry, J. ‐B., Chastanet, P., Fellah, K., & Desnos, Y. ‐L. (2006). Envisat multi‐polarized ASAR data for flood mapping. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(10), 1921-1929. doi:10.1080/0143116050048672

Descriptive analysis of seizures and comorbidities associated with fragile X syndrome

Background Fragile X syndrome is characterized by a myriad of physical features, behavioral features, and medical problems. Commonly found behavioral features are hyperactivity, anxiety, socialization difficulties, and ASD. There is also a higher incidence than in the general population of strabismus, otitis media, and mitral valve prolapse. In addition, one of the most common medical problems associated with FXS is an increased risk of seizures. A subset of individuals carrying the full mutation of the FMR1 gene and diagnosed with fragile X syndrome (FXS) are reported to experience seizures, mostly during the first 10 years of their life span. Methods As part of a larger project to identify genetic variants that modify the risk of seizures, we collected clinical information from 49 carriers with FXS who experienced seizures and 46 without seizures. We compared seizure type and comorbid conditions based on the source of data as well as family history of seizures. Results We found that the concordance of seizure types observed by parents and medical specialists varied by type of seizure. The most common comorbid condition among those with seizures was autism spectrum disorder (47% per medical records vs. 33% per parent report compared with 19% among those without seizures per parent report); the frequency of other comorbid conditions did not differ among groups. We found a slightly higher frequency of family members who experienced seizures among the seizure group compared with the nonseizure group. Conclusion This study confirms previously reported features of seizures in FXS, supports additional genetic factors, and highlights the importance of information sources, altogether contributing to a better understanding of seizures in FXS

Protein profile in chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN)

Comunicaciones a congreso