The present projects past behavior into the future while the past projects attitudes into the future: how verb tense moderates predictors of drinking intentions

Three studies examined how the use of the present versus the past tense in recalling a past experience influences behavioral intentions. Experiment 1 revealed a stronger influence of past behaviors on drinking intentionswhen participants self-reported an episode of excessive drinking using the present tense. Correspondingly, therewas a stronger influence of attitudes towards excessive drinking when participants self-reported the episode in the past tense. Experiments 2 and 3 liked this effect to changes in construal level (Liberman, Trope, & Stephan, 2007; Trope & Liberman, 2003), with the present tense being similar to a concrete construal level and the past tense being similar to an abstract construal level.This research was supported by grants from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSI2008-04849 and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad PSI2011-28720 and by grants from the National Institutes of Health (K02-MH01861 and R01-NR08325)

Legacy and social media respectively influence risk perceptions and protective behaviors during emerging health threats: A multi-wave analysis of communications on Zika virus cases.

ObjectiveBoth legacy media, such as television and newspapers, and online social media are potentially important but incompletely understood sources of information in the face of emerging public health risks. This research aimed to understand media effects on risk perceptions and behaviors concerning the Zika virus in the United States.MethodsWe analyzed a multi-wave nationally representative survey (N = 29,062) and the volume of communications in social and legacy media (i.e., legacy media data from news sources and databases, N = 2,660 and social media data from Twitter, N = 1,605,752) in the United States between April and October 2016, dates coinciding with the early cases of local transmission of Zika in the United States (i.e., 25 weeks). The present study conducted econometric analyses (i.e., Granger causality tests) to assess the associations of legacy and social media coverage with risk perceptions and protective behaviors in the total sample and specific groups separated by pregnancy status/intent, geographic region, income, education level, age, and ethnicity.ResultsThe results from the overall sample suggested that changes in the volume of information in legacy and social media (i.e., Twitter) were followed by different changes in community risk perceptions and protective behaviors. Specifically, social media coverage correlated with the level of risk perceptions, whereas the legacy media coverage correlated with the level of protective behaviors. Analyses across different subpopulations, including those of different pregnancy status/intent, geographic Zika risk, income, education level, age, and ethnicity, replicated the social media associations with risk perceptions in most cases. However, legacy media and protective behaviors were linked only in some vulnerable subpopulations (e.g., the less-educated populations).ConclusionUnderstanding how media coverage relates to Zika risk perceptions and protective behaviors will help to facilitate effective risk communications by healthcare professionals and providers, particularly when a health risk emerges

Cómo el tiempo verbal afecta a la interpretación de las acciones: el pasado simple conduce a las personas a un nivel de representación abstracto

Two experiments examined the influence of verb tense on how abstractly people construe action representations. Experiment 1 revealed that written descriptions of several daily events using the simple past tense (vs. simple present tense) resulted in actions and the action’s target being seen as less likely and less familiar, respectively. In Experiment 2 participants wrote about a personal episode of binge drinking (using the simple past tense vs. simple present tense), and the resulting narratives were coded using the Linguistic Category Model (see Semin & Fiedler, 1991). Results revealed that events were described at a more abstract level when texts were written using the simple past tense (vs. simple present tense). The results are discussed in the context of other effects of verb form and in relation to construal level of eventsDos experimentos examinan la influencia del tiempo verbal en el nivel de abstracción con el que las personas representan las acciones. El Experimento 1 mostró que descripciones escritas de eventos cotidianos utilizando el pasado simple indefinido (vs. presente simple) daba lugar a que las acciones descritas y los protagonistas de las mismas fueran evaluados como menos probables y menos familiares respectivamente. En el Experimento 2 los participantes escribieron sobre un episodio personal de borrachera (usando el tiempo verbal pasado simple vs. el tiempo verbal presente simple) y esas narraciones fueron analizadas utilizando el Modelo de Categorización Lingüística (LCM) (ver Semin & Fiedler, 1991). Los resultados mostraron que el episodio era descrito con mayor nivel de abstracción cuando las narraciones habían sido escritas utilizando el pasado simple indefinido (vs. presente simple). Los resultados son discutidos en el contexto de la influencia de otras formas verbales y en relación al nivel de constructo con el que se representan las accionesThis research was supported by grants from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PSI 2011-28720) and by grants from the National Institutes of Health (K02-MH01861 and R01-NR08325

The Influence of Peer Behavior as a Function of Social and Cultural Closeness: A Meta-Analysis of Normative Influence on Adolescent Smoking Initiation and Continuation

Although the influence of peers on adolescent smoking should vary depending on social dynamics, there is a lack of understanding of which elements are most crucial and how this dynamic unfolds for smoking initiation and continuation across areas of the world. The present meta-analysis included 75 studies yielding 237 effect sizes that examined associations between peers’ smoking and adolescents’ smoking initiation and continuation with longitudinal designs across 16 countries. Mixed-effects models with robust variance estimates were used to calculate weighted-mean Odds ratios. This work showed that having peers who smoke is associated with about twice the odds of adolescents beginning (OR = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.76, 2.19]) and continuing to smoke (OR = 1.78, 95% CI [1.55, 2.05]). Moderator analyses revealed that (a) smoking initiation was more positively correlated with peers’ smoking when the interpersonal closeness between adolescents and their peers was higher (vs. lower); and (b) both smoking initiation and continuation were more positively correlated with peers’ smoking when samples were from collectivistic (vs. individualistic) cultures. Thus, both individual as well as population level dynamics play a critical role in the strength of peer influence. Accounting for cultural variables may be especially important given effects on both initiation and continuation. Implications for theory, research, and antismoking intervention strategies are discussed

From Primed Concepts to Action: A Meta-Analysis of the Behavioral Effects of Incidentally Presented Words

A meta-analysis assessed the behavioral impact of and psychological processes associated with presenting words connected to an action or a goal representation. The average and distribution of 352 effect sizes (analyzed using fixed-effects and random-effects models) was obtained from 133 studies (84 reports) in which word primes were incidentally presented to participants, with a nonopposite control group, before measuring a behavioral dependent variable. Findings revealed a small behavioral priming effect (dFE = 0.332, dRE = 0.352), which was robust across methodological procedures and only minimally biased by the publication of positive (vs. negative) results. Theory testing analyses indicated that more valued behavior or goal concepts (e.g., associated with important outcomes or values) were associated with stronger priming effects than were less valued behaviors. Furthermore, there was some evidence of persistence of goal effects over time. These results support the notion that goal activation contributes over and above perception-behavior in explaining priming effects. In summary, theorizing about the role of value and satisfaction in goal activation pointed to stronger effects of a behavior or goal concept on overt action. There was no evidence that expectancy (ease of achieving the goal) moderated priming effects

EL EMPRENDIMIENTO EN LA FORMACIÓN DEL ESTUDIANTE EN LOS INSTITUTOS TECNOLÓGICOS SUPERIORES

Entrepreneurship is that attitude and aptitude of the person that allows him to face new challenges and projects. Currently, education has become a commodity that, despite being overpaid, does not comply with delivering the product it offers. The objective of this work is to analyze some theoretical elements about entrepreneurship in the training of students at higher technological institutes. It was concluded that a well-trained 21st century university student must have the capacity to be an entrepreneur, change work and/or company many times and reinvent himself personally in attitudes and aptitudes. Also, you must develop your professional activity thinking globally.  El emprendimiento es aquella actitud y aptitud de la persona que le permite enfrentar nuevos retos y proyectos. Actualmente, la educación se ha convertido en una mercancía que, pese a ser sobre pagada, no cumple con entregar el producto que ofrece. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar algunos elementos teóricos sobre el emprendimiento en la formación del estudiante de los institutos tecnológicos superiores. Se concluyó que un joven universitario del siglo XXI bien formado deberá tener la capacidad de ser emprendedor, cambiar muchas veces de trabajo y/o empresa y reinventarse personalmente en actitudes y aptitudes. Asimismo, deberá desarrollar su actividad profesional pensando globalmente

A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect

We conducted a preregistered multilaboratory project (k = 36; N = 3,531) to assess the size and robustness of ego-depletion effects using a novel replication method, termed the paradigmatic replication approach. Each laboratory implemented one of two procedures that was intended to manipulate self-control and tested performance on a subsequent measure of self-control. Confirmatory tests found a nonsignificant result (d = 0.06). Confirmatory Bayesian meta-analyses using an informed-prior hypothesis (δ = 0.30, SD = 0.15) found that the data were 4 times more likely under the null than the alternative hypothesis. Hence, preregistered analyses did not find evidence for a depletion effect. Exploratory analyses on the full sample (i.e., ignoring exclusion criteria) found a statistically significant effect (d = 0.08); Bayesian analyses showed that the data were about equally likely under the null and informed-prior hypotheses. Exploratory moderator tests suggested that the depletion effect was larger for participants who reported more fatigue but was not moderated by trait self-control, willpower beliefs, or action orientation.</p

Indifférence, narcissisme et Idéal du Moi : un cas de résistance au transfert

International audienc