Experimental (FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra) and Theoretical (Ab initio/HF, DFT/B3LYP) Study of 2-Amino-5-Chloropyridine and 2-Amino-6-Chloropyridine

The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectra of 2-amino-5-chloropyridine (2A5CP) and 2-amino-6-chloropyridine (2A6CP) have been recorded in the regions 4000–400 cm-1 and 4000–100 cm-1, respectively. The observed FT-IR and FT-Raman data, a complete vibrational assignment and analysis of the fundamental modes of the compounds were carried out. All the geometrical parameters have been calculated by HF and DFT (B3LYP) methods with 6-311++G (d, p) basis set. The vibrational wavenumbers, IR intensities and Raman activities are calculated at the same theory levels used in geometry optimization. The calculated frequencies are scaled and compared with experimental values. The scaled B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) results show the best agreement with the experimental values. The calculated HOMO–LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs in the molecules. Keywords: FT-IR, FT-Raman, ab initio, DFT, 2-amino-5-chloropyridine, 2-amino-6-chloropyridine

DOUBLE PERFORATED IMPINGEMENT PLATE (DPIP) IN SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

This paper presents a solution to a chronic problem causing repeated tube failure at shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The problem is related to fouling process on tubes surface which accumulates downstream the impingement plate at exchanger inlet nozzle within the first tube rows due to low velocity and vortices production. In fouling services, the suspended deposits, fouling, accumulates on tubes surface downstream the impingement plate causing under-deposit corrosion and raising tubes surface temperature due to lack of cooling accelerating fouling process. Under fouling corrosion attacks tubes and causes repeated tube failure costing a lot of money in terms of material, maintenance and production losses. Normal practice of extending tubes life and delaying their failure is to upgrade the tubes metallurgy. So this paper objective is to present an economical solution option through modifying the impingement plate in shell-and-tube heat exchangers where impingement plate is recommended by Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, TEMA. The impingement modification is to replace the solid conventional impingement plate with double spaced plates having offset holes, called Double Perforated Impingement Plate (DPIP). The objective of this work can be met through simulate and compare shell side inlet flow distribution around the conventional and modified impingement plate, DPIP, and insuring of enhancing the flow pattern distribution at the area behind impingement plate. Since experimental work in flow investigation can be time consuming and costly, computational fluid dynamics, CFD, fluent software was implemented as a cost effective helpful tool to conduct the simulation and comparison purpose. The modified impingement plate, DPIP, will destroy vortices created behind the conventional plate retarding fouling accumulation principal. DPIP will enhance shell side flow distribution downstream the impingement plate and stop fouling accumulation on the tubes to prevent under-deposit corrosion

The Impact of Property Management on the Value of Residential Product in Saudi Arabia

This paper discusses the impact of property management in maintaining the value of residential product in Saudi Arabia. The paper reviewed a comparison of two property models: the first is managed by the property management system, and the second is managed by the owner only. In addition, the field questionnaire was used and distributed to a sample of the study community consisting of 125 real estate management institutions and real estate office in Riyadh. The results of the analysis indicate that property management contributes to raising the quality of the residential product and maintaining its market value. The residential product which managed by the property management system loses 10% of its value after 5 years. On the other hand, the product that managed by the owner loses more than 50% of its real value after 5 years. The paper proposes to strengthen cooperation between governmental and private institutions to establish a Real Estate Data Center (REDC) for the classification of residential properties subject to the criteria of management, quality and economic cost

Fear of the Unknown among Normal People, People with Psychological Disorders, and People with Organic Disorders in the Light of Some Demographic Variables

The present paper aimed to determine the fear of the unknown among normal people, people with psychological disorders, and people with organic disorders in the light of some demographic variables. The authors adopted the descriptive-comparative method and developed and applied a three-domain questionnaire to a randomly selected sample of (942) participants. The results showed that the people with psychological disorders suffer from fear of the unknown more than normal people and people with organic disorders at a significance level of (0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the different categories of psychological disorders (including generalized anxiety disorder, depression, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobia) in contrast with the organic diseases, in which cardiac and respiratory diseases were at a greater risk of being afraid of the unknown more than those with diabetes, blood pressure, and thyroid. The paper recommends conducting further studies on the concept of fear of the unknown in the Arab countries and adopting fear of the unknown as a psychological intervention for people with psychological disorders and people with cardiac and respiratory diseases

Evaluation of Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Its Association with Birth Outcomes

The present study examines the potential role of the Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid profile in fetal growth by investigating the association between maternal concentrations of these fatty acids in the gestation stage and birth outcome measures (birth weight, birth length, and head circumference at birth). The study covered (255) women with a mean age of 29.22 ± 5.29 years. Half of them had a Bachelor’s degree or higher, and most of them were unemployed. The author used a questionnaire for data collection. The level of fatty acids was not correlated with pregnancy outcomes such as weight, height, and head circumference. A significant positive correlation between total MUFAs and gestational age was established. There was a positive correlation between the level of total n-3 PUFA and gestational weight gain. There was also a positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and the amount of fish consumed during pregnancy. However, no correlation was found between the consumption of fish and pregnancy outcomes. This study has demonstrated preliminary results regarding the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes that can help evaluate the current or future pregnancy preventative programs when planning reproductive health programs

Evaluation of Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Its Association with Birth Outcomes

The present study examines the potential role of the Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid profile in fetal growth by investigating the association between maternal concentrations of these fatty acids in the gestation stage and birth outcome measures (birth weight, birth length, and head circumference at birth). The study covered (255) women with a mean age of 29.22 ± 5.29 years. Half of them had a Bachelor’s degree or higher, and most of them were unemployed. The author used a questionnaire for data collection. The level of fatty acids was not correlated with pregnancy outcomes such as weight, height, and head circumference. A significant positive correlation between total MUFAs and gestational age was established. There was a positive correlation between the level of total n-3 PUFA and gestational weight gain. There was also a positive correlation between nutritional knowledge and the amount of fish consumed during pregnancy. However, no correlation was found between the consumption of fish and pregnancy outcomes. This study has demonstrated preliminary results regarding the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes that can help evaluate the current or future pregnancy preventative programs when planning reproductive health programs

Choleoeimeria bunopusi sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) Infecting the Gall Bladder of the Tuberculated Gecko Bunopus tuberculatus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from Saudi Arabia

Choleoeimeria bunopusi sp. n. is described from the gall bladder of the tuberculated gecko Bunopus tuberculatus in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of infection was 13.3% (2/15). Oocysts were ellipsoidal and measured 31 (30–33) × 21 (20–22) μm. Sporocysts were dizoic, elliptical in shape and measured 12 (11–13) × 7 (6–8) μm. The endogenous development was confined to the gall bladder epithelium. The hypertrophic parasitized biliary epithelium either remained in one layer or became stratified. Meronts, gamonts, and young oocysts were detected

Human leukemia cells (HL-60) proteomic and biological signatures underpinning cryo-damage are differentially modulated by novel cryo-additives

Cryopreservation is a routinely used methodology for prolonged storage of viable cells. The use of cryo-protective agents (CPAs) such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, or trehalose is paramount to reducing cellular cryo-injury, but their effectiveness is still limited. The current study focuses on establishing and modulating the proteomic and the corresponding biological profiles associated with the cryo-injury of human leukemia (HL-60) cells cryopreserved in DMSO alone or DMSO +/-novel CPAs (e. g., nigerose [Nig] or salidroside [Sal]). Findings: To reduce cryo-damage, HL-60 cells were cultured prior and post cryopreservation in malondialdehyde Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium-1640 media +/- Nig or Sal. Shotgun proteomic analysis showed significant alterations in the levels of proteins in cells cryopreserved in Nig or Sal compared to DMSO. Nig mostly affected cellular metabolism and energy pathways, whereas Sal increased the levels of proteins associated with DNA repair/duplication, RNA transcription, and cell proliferation. Validation testing showed that the proteome profile associated with Sal was correlated with a 2.8-fold increase in cell proliferative rate. At the functional level, both Nig and Sal increased glutathione reductase (0.0012 +/- 6.19E-05 and 0.0016 +/- 3.04E-05 mU/mL, respectively) compared to DMSO controls (0.0003 +/- 3.7E-05 mU/mL) and reduced cytotoxicity by decreasing lactate dehydrogenase activities (from -2.5 to -4.75 fold) and lipid oxidation (-1.6 fold). In contrast, only Nig attenuated protein carbonylation or oxidation. Conclusions: We have identified key molecules and corresponding functional pathways underpinning the effect of cryopreservation (+/- CPAs) of HL-60 cells. We also validated the proteomic findings by identifying the corresponding biological profiles associated with promoting an anti-oxidative environment post cryopreservation. Nig or Sal in comparison to DMSO showed differential or additive effects in regard to reducing cryo-injury and enhancing cell survival/proliferation post thaw. These results can provide useful insight to cryo-damage and the design of enhanced cryomedia formulation83CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP460 289/2014–42014/14 881–1; 2013/0 8711–3; 2014/10 068–4This work was supported by the King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology research fund. J.S.C. and D.,M.S. are funded by FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation, grants 2014/14 881–1, 2013/0 8711–3, and 2014/10 068–4) and CNPq (the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, grant 460 289/2014–4

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a single institution’s experience

Background/purpose Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is said to be relatively common in the western world, but its incidence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is unknown. We set out to study the incidence of IHPS in children presenting at our hospital and review the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of such patients.Patients and methods A retrospective chart review of all cases with IHPS admitted to a tertiary hospital, Riyadh Military Hospital, over 18 years (1990–2008) was conducted. Diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography according to the length of the pyloric channel and thickness of the pyloric muscles. An analysis of demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnostic modality, and associated congenital anomalies was carried out. Operative technique, postoperative course, and complication rates were identified.Results The review of the medical records showed 22 patients with a diagnosis of IHPS. The incidence rate of IHPS was 1.4/10 000 live births. Demographically, most cases presented in the first month of life. It is more common in boys. In all, 55% of infants were first borns. Clinically, nonbilious projectile vomiting was the main symptom. Mild dehydration was found in half of the cases with alkalotic changes. Ultrasonography was the main diagnostic modality in 82% of cases. Others were diagnosed by contrast study. Open Ramstedt pyloromyotomy was the surgical approach in 20 (91%) cases and the laparoscopic approach in 2 cases (9%). Fourteen (14%) patients had an associated congenital inguinal hernia. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.5 days. The most common postoperative complication was wound infection in 4.5% of patients. Incidence of IHPS had obvious seasonal association.Conclusion Incidence of IHPS at our hospital (the biggest hospital in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with an annual birth record of 14 000) is far less common than international incidences reported in North America and Europe. More reports from Saudi Arabia, the Middle East, and Asia are recommended to support the rarity of IHPS in this region of the world. Seasonal variation suggests a possible etiological role for environmental factors. It is of practical use for both epidemiologists and clinicians for future comparability.Keywords: incidence, infantile pyloric stenosis, risk factor