Evolution of the Philosophical Perspective of the Idea of a Joint Stock Company and its Impact on the Legal System

ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻻﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭنة. ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑاﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺃﻭ الإﺩﺍﺭﺓ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ. ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍلإﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻛﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨوﻁ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍلأﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ، ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ، ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌدُّ ﺍلإﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ، ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺛﻼثة ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ: الاﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀُ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ في تنظيم ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ، ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺘﻨظﻴﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﺍلأﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﺍلأﻗﻠﻴﺔ، ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍلأﺧﻴﺮ، ﻭاﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ في ﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ. ﻭﻓﻲ الختام يناقش ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭنة ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ.This research deals with the philosophical framework of corporate laws and jurisprudential evolution of comparative corporate laws. The research reviews the role of the state in the different phases of a company; the beginning of incorporation, the management, and the struggle over the control of companies and the legal rules governing these issues.   The fourth section of the research reviews the philosophical framework of corporates as legal entities and the role assigned to them from a legal perspective. It also reviews the main objectives of corporate laws, in particular what is known as the agency problem, which is the central framework of the corporate law. In addition, it analyzes three main objectives of corporate laws: their role in regulating a conflict of interest between the owners and the management of the company; the conflict of interest between the company owners who represent the majority and minority owners; and the corporate laws and the protection of the interests of others in their dealings with the company. In conclusion, the research discusses the future of comparative corporate laws, considering the jurisprudence and philosophical developments of corporate laws

Incidence and association of high-risk HPVs and EBV in patients with advanced stages of colorectal cancer from Qatar

High-risk Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are present and involved in several types of human carcinomas, including cervical and, head and neck cancers. Nevertheless, their presence and association in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer is still nascent. The current study explored the association between the high-risk HPVs and EBV and tumor phenotype in colorectal cancers (CRCs) in the Qatari population. We found that high-risk HPVs and EBV are present in 69/100 and 21/100 cases, respectively. Additionally, 17% of the cases showed a copresence of high-risk HPVs and EBV, with a significant correlation only between the HPV45 subtype and EBV (p =.004). While the copresence did not significantly associate with clinicopathological characteristics, we identified that coinfection with more than two subtypes of HPV is a strong predictor of advanced stage CRC, and the confounding effect of the copresence of EBV in such cases strengthens this association. Our results indicate that high-risk HPVs and EBV can co-present in human CRCs in the Qatari population where they could plausibly play a specific role in human colorectal carcinogenesis. However, future studies are essential to confirm their copresence and synergistic role in developing CRCs.Our lab is supported by grants from Qatar University: QUCP-CMED-2021-1. We would like to thank A. Kassab for her critical reading of the manuscript. Special Thanks to Dr. Said Dermime for his scientific advice and support. Open Access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.Scopu

Thermodynamics of mixtures with strongly negative deviations from Raoult's law. XV. Permittivities and refractive indices for 1-alkanol + n-hexylamine systems at (293.15–303.15) K. Application of the Kirkwood-Fröhlich model

Relative permittivities at 1 MHz, , and refractive indices at the sodium D-line, , are reported at 0.1 MPa and at (293.15–303.15) K for the binary systems 1-alkanol + n-hexylamine (HxA). Also, their corresponding excess functions are calculated and correlated. Positive values of the excess permittivities, , are encountered for the methanol system, whereas the remaining mixtures show negative values. This reveals that interactions between unlike molecules contribute positively to . This contribution is dominant for the methanol mixture, while those arising from the breaking of interactions between like molecules are prevalent for the remaining mixtures. At (volume fraction) = 0.5, changes in the order: methanol > 1-propanol > 1-butanol > 1-pentanol < 1-heptanol. Similar variation with the chain length of the 1-alkanol is observed for mixtures such as 1-alkanol + heptane, or + cyclohexylamine, and can be explained in terms of the lower and weaker self-association of longer 1-alkanols. The effect of the replacement of HxA by cyclohexylamine, or by aniline, is also shown. Calculations on molar refractions indicate that dispersive interactions in the systems under study increase with the length of the 1-alkanol. The mixtures are studied by means of the application of the Kirkwood-Fröhlich model, and the Kirkwood correlation factors, including the corresponding excess values, are reported.Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte for the grants FPU14/04104 and FPU15/05456 respectively. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Consejería de Educación y Cultura of Junta de Castilla y León, under Project BU034U16