STABILIZATION POND FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT

This research is concerned with study and check the suitability of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) for treating wastewater in Al-Dewaniyah province by taking a sample of community of 10000 population.Experimental work had three cases depending on many considerations such as economical and specification of final effluent. A model of two ponds (facultative and aerobic) in series was used as first case of experimental work. Then third pond with aeration process to aerobic pond were added to the series as second case to improve the effluent. At last, sand filter was used to polish the final effluent from aerobic pond.The three ponds had the same surface area (5.75m*2m) but with different depths, where it was 2m for anaerobic pond, 1.5m for facultative pond and 0.75m for aerobic pond. From the tests taken for the three cases, the results obtained for the last two cases were much better when compared with first case. Sand filter contributed in improving final effluent by decreasing total suspended solid (TSS) also in increasing removal efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). At the end, the results of this work could be an invitation to use waste stabilization pond for wastewater treatment in rural areas or even small communities but it may need more examinations to get best results

Performance of Concrete Containing Iron Fillings

تشكل المخلفات الصناعية الغير قابلة للتحلل البيولوجي خطرًا بيئيًا كبيرًا على الكائنات الحية ويتطلب التخلص منها بذل الجهد والوقت والمال. ومن بين العمليات الأكثر فائدة التي يمكن استغلال هذه المخلفات هي عملية إعادة تدويرها واستخدامها في المجالات الهندسية. برادة الحديد هي واحدة من المخلفات التي يمكن إعادة تدويرها واستخدامها في المجالات الهندسية. واحد من الاستخدامات هو استخدامها في عملية البناء. برادة الحديد هي قطع صغيرة من الحديد التي تبدو وكأنها مسحوق ناعم. وغالبا ماتستخدم في الاثباتات والبراهين العلمية لاضهار اتجاه المجال المغناطيسي. والغرض من هذا المشروع هو تقييم إمكانية استخدام برادة الحديد كأحد مكونات الخرسانة. تمت إضافة ثلاث نسب مؤية مختلفة من برادة الحديد إلى خليط الخرسانة لقياس التباين الذي يمكن ان يحدث في مقاومة الانضغاط والشد بعد 28 يومًا. تم اجراء واختبار 45 مكعب بأبعاد 150*150*150 مم والعتبات الموشورية بأبعاد 100*100* 400مم في هذه الدراسة باستخدام 0 ٪ (السيطرة)، 5 ٪، 10 ٪ و15 ٪ من برادة الحديد في خليط الخرسانة. Non-biodegradable wastes materials pose a significant environmental hazard to living organisms and their disposal requires effort, time and money. One of the most useful processes by which this waste can be exploited is the recycling process. Iron filings are one of the wastes materials that can be recycled and used in engineering fields. One of these is the use of the process in construction. Iron filings are very small pieces of iron that look like a light powder. They are very often used in science demonstrations to show the direction of a magnetic field. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the possibility of using iron filings as one of the component of concrete mix. Three different percentage of iron filings were added to concrete mix to measure the variation, which may be obtained in compression and tensile concrete strengths after 28 days. 45 of 150mm cubes and prisms of 100x100x400mm were performed and tested in this study using 0% (control), 5%, 10% and 15% of iron filing in concrete mix

Gestational Age Estimation Based on Fetal Pelvimetry on Fetal Ultrasound in Iraqi Women

Ultrasound is an integral part of obstetric practice, and assessment of gestational age (GA) is a central element of obstetric ultrasonography. Sonographic estimation of GA is derived from calculations based on fetal measurements. Numerous equations for GA calculation from fetal biometry have been adopted in routine practice. This study reports a new method of estimating GA in the second and third trimester using interischial distance (IID), the distance between the two ischial primary ossification centers, on fetal ultrasound. Four hundred women with uncomplicated normal singleton pregnancies from 16 weeks to term were examined. Standard fetal obstetric ultrasound was done measuring biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) for each fetus. The IID, in millimeters, was correlated with the GA in weeks based upon the BPD and FL individually, and the BPD and FL together. Statistical analysis showed strong correlation between the IID and GA calculated from the FL with correlation coefficient (r =0.989, P \u3c 0.001). Strong linear correlation was also found between the IID and GA based upon BPD and BPD+FL. Further statistical analysis using regression equations also showed that the IID was slightly wider in female fetuses, but this difference was not statistically significant. Resulting from this analysis, we have arrived at an easy-to-use equation: GA Weeks = (IID mm + 8) ±1 week. We feel this method can be especially applicable in the developing world, where midwives may not have access to software for fetal biometry in their basic handheld ultrasound machines. Even more sophisticated machines may not come with loaded software for obstetrics analysis. There are several limitations to this study, discussed below. We recommend further studies correlating the IID with other biometric parameters

Analysis of morphologic effects of polymeric semiconducting materials by Raman spectroscopy.

The organic electronics research field has greatly advanced in the last decades, already rendering materials able to compete with their inorganic counterparts. However, the final blossoming of this field is expected to come with the complete understanding and control of the charge transport parameters in organic materials. In polymeric semiconductors, tuning the film morphology and crystallinity has been found to be crucial for efficient charge transport in devices. In this sense, planar backbones with locked conformations induced by intramolecular interactions are good candidates for high performing polymers. Thus, being able to elucidate both ordered and disordered phases in semiconducting films has been proven to be of great interest. Raman spectroscopy is a rapid, noninvasive technique able to gather information on molecular and supramolecular levels, thus being really useful for this purpose. In this communication, optical spectroscopies and, in particular Raman spectroscopy, are used to analyze the impact of the gradual fluorination on the electronic properties of donor-acceptor polymers, demonstrating that the final performance is highly dependent on the building blocks in with the fluorine atoms are introduced.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

The fluorination effect: the importance of backbone planarity in achieving high performance ambipolar field effect transistors

We report here the synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of a series of donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers consisting of 4,7-di(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and isoindigo building blocks, which have been progressively fluorinated with the aim of enhancing intrachain interactions and thus increasing their electrical performances in organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The effect of the polymeric partially locked conformations, upon fluorination, on the material properties has been comprehensively analyzed by means of spectroscopic (UV-vis-NIR and Raman) and electrochemical techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Raman spectroscopy highlights that the impact of gradual fluorination on the molecular and electronic properties is highly dependent on the building blocks into which the fluorine atoms are introduced, being a much more efficient strategy to add them in the isoindigo unit. Electrical characterization of OFETs also shows that fluorination progressively increases the polymer coplanarity and electron affinity, varying the electrical performance from low hole dominated charge transport in the unfluorinated polymer to balanced ambipolar charge transport in the fluorinated ones. The best field-effect mobilities were recorded when fluorine atoms were added to the isoindigo unit, with values of 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1 for both hole and electron transports.The work at the University of Málaga was supported by the MICINN (project PID2019-110305GB-I00) and by Junta de Andalucía (project P18-FR-4559). S. G.-V. thanks the MINECO for an FPU predoctoral fellowship (FPU17/04908). The authors would like to thank the computer resources, technical expertise and assistance provided by the SCBI (Supercomputing and Bioinformatics) centre of the University of Málaga. The Vibrational spectroscopy (EVI), XRD and AFM labs of the Research Central Services (SCAI) of the University of Málaga are also gratefully acknowledged. Al-Hashimi likes to acknowledge the financial support from the Qatar National Research Fund, Project Number NPRP12S-0304-190227. Notes and references // Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

Synthesis of recyclable tire additives via equilibrium ring-opening metathesis polymerization

Linear <i>trans</i>-polypentenamers are highly desired materials among synthetic tire additives due to their comparable physical properties to natural rubber. <i>trans</i>-Polypentenamer can be prepared by equilibrium ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using well-defined ruthenium catalyst systems. This unique feature of the equilibrium polymerization reaction opens a way for the synthesis of durable, environmentally benign elastomers where polymers including synthetic tire additives can be synthesized and readily recycled using the same transition metal catalyst system. The addition of silica fillers significantly improves the physical properties of the composite materials in comparison to the use of polymeric material. It is also known that the structural effects and the polymer–filler surface interaction are of prime importance. Herein, we report on the synthesis of silica filler compatible recyclable polypentenamer copolymers via equilibrium ROMP of cyclopentene <b>1</b> and 4-(triethoxy)­siloxy cyclopentene <b>11</b>. It has been demonstrated that polypentenamer tire additives can be synthesized via equilibrium ROMP affording polymers with high yields (>80%) at 0 °C and can be readily depolymerized at 40 °C and/or under diluted conditions using the same metathesis catalyst systems. Furthermore, the polypentenamer can also be synthesized in neat at room temperature and at very low (10⁵) monomer/catalyst ratio. This methodology is based on the synthesis of polyolefins utilizing a ruthenium-based metathesis catalyst via equilibrium ROMP of cyclopentenes and their silylated derivatives