Economic Linguistics and its Place in Language Planning: The Arabization of Education as an Example.

يقصد هذا البحث إلى التعريف باللسانيات الاقتصادية من حيث هي فرع لساني حديث يعتني بدراسة الجوانب الاقتصادية للغة واستعمالاتها من ناحية، ويسعى إلى بيان منزلة اللسانيات الاقتصادية في التخطيط اللغوي ورسم السياسات اللغوية وإنجازها من حيث هي عامل حاسم في رسم السياسات اللغوية وإنفاذها. ويتخذ البحث من تعريب التعليم مثلاً لبيان أهمية دراسة الجدوى الاقتصادية في اتخاذ القرارات اللغوية السيادية مُبينا عن أثر التعريب في اقتصادات البلدان العربية من ناحية، وأثرها في بناء مجتمع المعرفة العربي المنشود. ويستوي بناء البحث في مبحثين: الأول: المقدِّمات الكُلِّيَّة. وهو يستنفد مفهوم اللسانيات الاقتصادية، وقضاياها، ومجتمع المعرفة. والثاني: يتناول منزلة اللسانيات الاقتصادية في دعم رؤى التخطيط اللغوي وإنفاذها على الوجه المؤمَّل من الجدوى والمنفعة متخذًا من جدوى تعريب التعليم اقتصاديًا ومعرفيًا مثالاً ينبئ بأثر كبير لتعريب التعليم في بناء الاقتصادات العربية، وحل كثير من مشاكلها الاقتصادية العالقة. This research aims to introduce economic linguistics in terms of being a modern linguistic branch that studies the economic aspects of language and its uses. The study seeks to demonstrate the status of economic linguistics in linguistic planning, drawing up language policies and achieving them with relation to how linguistic planning is a decisive factor in formulating and implementing language policies. The research picks up the Arabization of education as an example to demonstrate the importance of the economic feasibility study in making sovereign linguistic decisions, indicating the impact and the importance of Arabization on the economies of Arab countries, as well as their role in building the desired Arab societal knowledge. The research is divided into two parts: The first part is the general introductions dealing with important issues pertaining to economic linguistics and Arabization, illuminating the role of Arabization in developing the Arab world. The second part deals with the status of economic linguistics in supporting the visions of linguistic planning and implementing them in a hopefully feasible and beneficial manner, taking the economic and cognitive feasibility of Arabizing education as an example that predicts the great impact of the Arabization of education in building Arab economies, and solving many of their pending economic problems

Differential Cell Sensitivity between OTA and LPS upon Releasing TNF-α

The release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by ochratoxin A (OTA) was studied in various macrophage and non-macrophage cell lines and compared with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a standard TNF-α release agent. Cells were exposed either to 0, 2.5 or 12.5 µmol/L OTA, or to 0.1 µg/mL LPS, for up to 24 h. OTA at 2.5 µmol/L and LPS at 0.1 µg/mL were not toxic to the tested cells as indicated by viability markers. TNF-α was detected in the incubated cell medium of rat Kupffer cells, peritoneal rat macrophages, and the mouse monocyte macrophage cell line J774A.1: TNF-α concentrations were 1,000 pg/mL, 1,560 pg/mL, and 650 pg/mL, respectively, for 2.5 µmol/L OTA exposure and 3,000 pg/mL, 2,600 pg/mL, and 2,115 pg/mL, respectively, for LPS exposure. Rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, rat hepatocytes, human HepG2 cells, and mouse L929 cells lacked any cytokine response to OTA, but showed a significant release of TNF-α after LPS exposure, with the exception of HepG2 cells. In non-responsive cell lines, OTA lacked both any activation of NF-κB or the translocation of activated NF-κB to the cell nucleus, i.e., in mouse L929 cells. In J774A.1 cells, OTA mediated TNF-α release via the pRaf/MEK 1/2-NF-κB and p38-NF-κB pathways, whereas LPS used pRaf/MEK 1/2–NF-κB, but not p38-NF-κB pathways. In contrast, in L929 cells, LPS used other pathways to activate NF-κB. Our data indicate that only macrophages and macrophage derived cells respond to OTA and are considered as sources for TNF-α release upon OTA exposure

The Role of Business Intelligence adoption as a Mediator of Big Data Analytics in the Management of Outsourced Reverse Supply Chain Operations

The fluctuating and disorganized state of todays global markets is the result of several factors. COVID-19 is an illustration. Supply chain managers should re-evaluate their competitive strategy and leverage big data analytics in light of the rising volatility in demand and supply, rivalry among supply chain partners, and the requirement to deliver tailored goods and services (BDA). Supply chain firms require sophisticated BDA processes and procedures to provide useful insights from big data to better decision-making and supply chain operations, as many leaders in the sector have acknowledged the necessity for improving with data (SCO). This research gives theoretical justification for the influence that BDA has on SCO

Assessing the Moderating Effect of Innovation on the Relationship between Information Technology and Supply Chain Management: An Empirical Examination

This study examines how innovation (INN) influences the relationship between supply chain management and information technology in Jordan. 211 employees of Jordanian industrial enterprises who work in the Operations Department provided information for the study, which examines this subject. The findings indicate a close connection between information technology and supply chain management. Innovation also dramatically modifies the interaction between supply chain management and information technology. Management help may be the subject of future research

Socio-demographic predictors of structural empowerment among newly qualified nurses: Findings from an international survey

Objective- To examine the socio-demographic predictors of structural empowerment among an international sample of newly qualified nurses. Methods- A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 367 newly qualified nurses with up to 18 months of clinical experience. The nurses were recruited from 15 acute care hospitals across KSA, Jordan, and the UK. Data analysis was conducted using the t-test, ANOVA, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results- Significant differences in the total structural empowerment score were found among participants based on the type of universities where they graduated from (t = 2.36, p < 0.05), if they have received assertive communication training during undergraduate nursing education (t = 3.53, p < 0.05), number of months as qualified nurses (F = 4.79, p < 0.05), type of clinical ward settings they were working in (F = 5.1, p < 0.05), and the country where they were recruited from (F = 14.66) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the country, type of clinical ward settings they were working in, and type of the university the participants graduated from were found to be significant predictors of the participants’ total structural empowerment score (F = 16.6, p < 0.05). Conclusions- The findings underscore the unique contributions of the cultural contexts, type of clinical ward setting, and type of former educational setting towards the level of structural empowerment among newly qualified nurses

Toxicological Profile of Ultrapure 2,2 ',3,4,4 ',5,5 '-Heptachlorbiphenyl (PCB 180) in Adult Rats

Peer reviewe

Differential Cell Sensitivity between OTA and LPS upon Releasing TNF-α

The release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by ochratoxin A (OTA) was studied in various macrophage and non-macrophage cell lines and compared with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a standard TNF-α release agent. Cells were exposed either to 0, 2.5 or 12.5 µmol/L OTA, or to 0.1 µg/mL LPS, for up to 24 h. OTA at 2.5 µmol/L and LPS at 0.1 µg/mL were not toxic to the tested cells as indicated by viability markers. TNF-a was detected in the incubated cell medium of rat Kupffer cells, peritoneal rat macrophages, and the mouse monocyte macrophage cell line J774A.1: TNF-a concentrations were 1,000 pg/mL, 1,560 pg/mL, and 650 pg/mL, respectively, for 2.5 µmol/L OTA exposure and 3,000 pg/mL, 2,600 pg/mL, and 2,115 pg/mL, respectively, for LPS exposure. Rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, rat hepatocytes, human HepG2 cells, and mouse L929 cells lacked any cytokine response to OTA, but showed a significant release of TNF-a after LPS exposure, with the exception of HepG2 cells. In non-responsive cell lines, OTA lacked both any activation of NF-κB or the translocation of activated NF-κB to the cell nucleus, i.e., in mouse L929 cells. In J774A.1 cells, OTA mediated TNF-a release via the pRaf/MEK 1/2–NF-κB and p38-NF-κB pathways, whereas LPS used pRaf/MEK 1/2-NF-κB, but not p38-NF-κB pathways. In contrast, in L929 cells, LPS used other pathways to activate NF-κB. Our data indicate that only macrophages and macrophage derived cells respond to OTA and are considered as sources for TNF-a release upon OTA exposure