THE INDIAN COMMUNITY AND ITS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN ZANZIBAR DURING THE 19th CENTURY

The Indians were considered the main category working in trade in Zanzibar during the reign of Sultan Saeed Bin Sultan, the founder of the modern state of Zanzibar (1806-1856). The Indian traders got the appreciation and respect of Saeed Bin Sultan and they were allowed to work in trade in the region and he treated them as local traders in order to establish a commercial empire. Hence most of the Indian traders came during his rule, and in 1835, as the case with others, they came with the seasonal wind.The Indian traders were Muslims and Hindu, but they didn’t consider Zanzibar as their homeland, they used to travel to India and come back. Among them, the Moslem Bahara became prominent, most of them were rich traders, who lived in Zanzibar and took it as their homeland.The Indian traders succeeded in supporting the economics of Zanzibar and financing the Arab commercial projects and developing the internal trade. Some of them succeeded in possessing large farms of cloves. And because of their commercial activity and their economic status they succeeded in establishing an excellent social position and they taught their children reading and writing. On the other side Britain encouraged the Indians to migrate to Eastern Africa because of its need for the technical Indian working class and handcraft to make use of their experience. Hence the important role of the Indian merchants in the trade of Eastern Africa came

Landlords, lineages and land reform in an Iraqi village

The main theme of the thesis is to analyse the social and political consequences of central government involvement and recent Land Reform in a village in central Iraq. In the first place, it examines the historical background to contemporary political change. Over the past fifty years, there has been considerable political and economic change at both the national and local level. After the registration of the tribal lands in the names of the shaikhs and important landlords, which took place in the 1930's, the political policies of various governments during the period of the Monarchy (1921-1958) became explicitly pro-landlord, thus establishing a form of indirect rule in the countryside. However, after the Revolution of 1958 and the assumption of power by the Ba'thists, some ten years later, there occurred a marked shift in the power structure. These post-Revolutionary governments initiated new policies of direct intervention in the rural areas, through Land Reform programmes and increased political and economic control. Since 1968, the Ba'th Party has assumed a major role in encouraging and controlling various forms of peasant participation in both the political and economic life of the village. The thesis analyses the processes by which the village chosen for detailed study became more integrated into the wider political structure. The study shows how the shaikhs and landlords, who once constituted the political and economic elite, have, in the course of increased external control and the introduction of new economic incentives, begun to lose their basis of prestige and socio-political status. These changes led to the emergence of a much more open field of competition between the new peasant and Party- based leaders and the older pillars of village society. They also reinforced the fragmentation of tribal and lineage organisation leading to the development of smaller kinship groups and to new forms of political alliance and ideology

IRAQI WOMEN'S SITUATION AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

From a historical point of view, the Iraqi society is well known for its conservative social fabric, but that didn’t necessarily mean that Iraqi women were shadowed over by that conservative atmosphere. Through its history Iraq has produced famous, courageous, and self dependent women, in different fields of life.During Modern History Iraq was a part of the Ottoman Empire for about four centuries, with the decline of that Empire, the Iraqi society was affected either directly or indirectly, and the situation of women in Iraq wasn’t getting any better, not to mention some of the local traditions that were designed to prevent women from taking their right role, even from a religious perspective, due to the tribal way of life that the Iraqi society was ruled by.All the above and more were elements that slowed down women in the Iraqi society in having a wider, more diverse role, and resulted in the long lasting; acuminated an affection of these elements, the Iraqi society has lost its capacity to rebuild and flourish

An effective vision technique for microchip lead inspection

A new effective method for the microchip lead inspection for the chip manufacturing industry has been developed in this work. In contrast to the gray scale pattern matching technique this approach employs selected parameters of binary blobs to perform fault detection and measurements. This leads to a significant reduction of image processing time. A special combination of gray level filtering techniques with gray morphological operations enhances the borders of the lead images. Newly developed threshold calibration technique significantly improves the measurement accuracy. A unique statistical analysis has been developed to identify all possible lead defects in the chips. This method is rotationally and scale invariant and able to detect defective leads for the chips with different specifications. The minimum required information about the microchip is the number of leads

Effect of new synthesized piperazine derivative [1] containing 1, 2, 4 –triazole ring on the growth of some pathogenic microorganisms

This work describes the antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized 4-methyl (3-mercapto -4- phenyl -4H- 1,2,4-Triazole –5-yl) methyl piperazine. [1]. The newly synthesized piperazine derivative was obtained from basic cyclization of the intermediate product obtained from the reaction between acetic hydrizide –4-methyl piperazine and phenylisothiosyanate(1) . [1] The in vitro tests showed antimicrobial activity against two pathogenic bacteria viz; Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) and Escherichia coli (gram negative), in addition to the dermatophyte pathogenic fungi Trichophyton rubrum. The screening antibacterial results illustrated below indicate that concentration [50mg/ml] showed the highest inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, while the same concentration has a moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus. While the highest inhibitory effect against Trichophyton rubrum was achieved using the concentration [25 mg/ml]

Key role of MIF-related neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that promotes the production of other immune mediators. MIF is produced by most cell types in the brain including microglia, astrocytes and neurons. Enhanced expression of MIF might contribute to the persistent activation of glial, chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the effect of MIF on inflammatory markers and spatial learning in a mouse model of sporadic AD and on tau pathology in AD patients. We examined the effects of MIF deficiency and pharmacological MIF inhibition in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, quantitative PCR and ELISA were used to assess cytokine production of STZ-treated glial cells. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to intracerebroventricular streptozotocin injection (3 mg/kg, ICV-STZ). Neuroinflammation and contextual learning performance were assessed using quantitative PCR and fear conditioning, respectively. Pharmacological MIF inhibition was achieved with intraperitoneal injections of ISO-1 (daily, IP, 20 mg/kg in 5% DMSO in 0.9% NaCl) for 4 weeks following ICV-STZ injection. The findings from ISO-1 treated mice were confirmed in MIF knockout C57BL/6. To assess the role of MIF in human AD, cerebrospinal fluid levels of MIF and hyperphosphorylated tau were measured using ELISA. Administration ICV-STZ resulted in hippocampal dependent cognitive impairment. MIF inhibition with ISO-1 significantly improved the STZ-induced impairment in contextual memory performance, indicating MIF-related inflammation as a major contributor to ICV-STZ-induced memory deficits. Furthermore, inhibition of the MIF resulted in reduced cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. In human subjects with AD at early clinical stages, cerebrospinal fluid levels of MIF were increased in comparison with age-matched controls, and correlated with biomarkers of tau hyper-phosphorylation and neuronal injury hinting at MIF levels as a potential biomarker for early-stage AD. The present study indicates the key role of MIF in controlling the chronic cytokine release in neuroinflammation related to tau hyperphosphorylation, neurodegeneration, and clinical manifestations of AD, suggesting the potential of MIF inhibition as therapeutic strategy to slow down neurodegeneration and clinical disease progression

Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Survival of Melanoma Patients in the United States Over 3 Decades

Melanoma is a treatable and preventable skin cancer. It is responsible for 75% of deaths among all skin cancers. Previous studies have found that race/ethnicity may play a role in survival among melanoma patients. However, there are no studies that cover 30 years and take race into account for the U.S. population. This study is a secondary analysis of the National Cancer Institute\u27s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) Program. Adults with primary cutaneous melanoma from 1982 to 2011 were included; the final sample size was 185,219. The outcome was survival; both cause-specific and all-cause mortality were examined. The main exposure was race/ethnicity. Kaplan?Meier survival analysis was used to estimate overall survival. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. More than 50% of patients in all races/ethnicities were diagnosed at the in situ or localized stage. Non-Hispanic White patients were more frequently diagnosed at the in situ stage. Overall, more men were diagnosed than women. The majority of cases among all races were men. Non-Hispanic Black females represented the smallest percentage of melanoma cases among all races. The smallest number of diagnoses across all races/ethnicities was made from 1982 to 1991. Median follow-up was 81 months and no collinearity was observed in the adjusted models. When examining cause-specific mortality and controlling for site and stage at diagnosis, gender, age and decade of diagnosis, the HR for non-Hispanic Black patients was lower than that for non-Hispanic White patients (HR 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6?0.8). However, when examining all-cause mortality, this difference disappeared (HR 1.1; 95% CI: 1.0?1.2). Stage at diagnosis impacted HR; patients diagnosed with distant metastases had significantly worse survival. When taking cause-specific mortality into consideration and after controlling for stage and site at diagnosis, gender, and age and decade of diagnosis, non-Hispanic Black patients had a lower HR compared to non-Hispanic White patients. However, this difference disappeared when examining all-cause mortality. Further research is needed to explore this finding and to determine what factors may be associated with late-stage melanoma diagnosis

High-Throughput Discovery of Novel Cubic Crystal Materials Using Deep Generative Neural Networks

High-throughput screening has become one of the major strategies for the discovery of novel functional materials. However, its effectiveness is severely limited by the lack of sufficient and diverse materials in current materials repositories such as the open quantum materials database (OQMD). Recent progress in deep learning have enabled generative strategies that learn implicit chemical rules for creating hypothetical materials with new compositions and structures. However, current materials generative models have difficulty in generating structurally diverse, chemically valid, and stable materials. Here we propose CubicGAN, a generative adversarial network (GAN) based deep neural network model for large scale generative design of novel cubic materials. When trained on 375 749 ternary materials from the OQMD database, the authors show that the model is able to not only rediscover most of the currently known cubic materials but also generate hypothetical materials of new structure prototypes. A total of 506 such materials have been verified by phonon dispersion calculation. Considering the importance of cubic materials in wide applications such as solar panels, the GAN model provides a promising approach to significantly expand existing materials repositories, enabling the discovery of new functional materials via screening. The new crystal structures discovered are freely accessible at www.carolinamatdb.org