The students’ motivation in physical culture

Motives may have different needs, interests, aspirations, desires, attitudes, ideals. From a psychological point of view, the motivation is the main point, compelling a person to engage in physical activity, she gives lessons subjective, personal meaningМотивами могут быть различные потребности, интересы, стремления, желания, установки, идеалы. С психологической точки зрения мотивация является главным моментом, побуждающим человека заниматься физической культурой, она придает занятиям субъективный, личностный смыс

PREVALENCE OF DRUG RESISTANCE TO FIRST LINE DRUGS AMONG TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN ASTANA

The objective of the study: to study the prevalence of resistance to first line drugs among tuberculosis patients in Astana (Kazakhstan Republic).Subjects and methods. Data on resistance to first line drugs according to the WHO classification were analyzed, they included sputum test results of 449 patients with bacillary excretion who received in-patient treatment in TB Dispensary in Astana in 2017. Bactec and Hain test were used for drug susceptibility testing.Results. The study showed that among new tuberculosis patients and relapses, resistance to isoniazid (H) dominated and made 87.4% (76 out of 87) and 91.1% (41 out of 45) of cases respectively. Resistance to H was registered more often versus resistance to streptomycin. H-resistant strains were detected confidently more often than rifampicin resistance: 76/226 (33.6%) versus 18/226 (8.0%) among all new cases (p < 0.01) and 41/133 (26.1%) versus 5/133 (3.2%) of all relapses (p < 0.01).Among new cases with drug resistant tuberculosis, the frequency of rifampicin resistant strains was compatible with the frequency of resistance to ethambutol. It was found out that the frequency of resistance to pyrazinamide was low.The performed analysis confirmed that when prescribing treatment to tuberculosis patients it was necessary to investigate the resistance to first line drugs with much detail

Fundamentals of the development of innovation and investment activities of small and medium-sized businesses in Kazakhstan

The article starts by highlighting the significance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Kazakhstan economy, emphasizing their role as drivers of innovation, job creation, and overall economic development. It discusses the challenges faced by SMEs in accessing finance, technology, and markets, which often hinder their ability to innovate and invest effectively. Moreover, the article delves into the regulatory and institutional frameworks governing SMEs in Kazakhstan, examining the policies and initiatives aimed at fostering a conductive environment for innovation and investment. It explores government support programs, tax incentives, and regulatory reforms designed to stimulate SME growth and entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the paper explores the importance of fostering collaboration and partnerships between SMEs, larger enterprises, research institutions, and government agencies to promote innovation and investment. It discusses the role of industry clusters, innovation hubs, and incubators in facilitating knowledge exchange, networking, and access to resources for SMEs. The article also examines the role of education and skills development in enhancing the innovative capacity of SMEs in Kazakhstan. It highlights the need for targeted training programs, capacity–building initiatives, and entrepreneurship education to equip SMEs with the necessary skills and knowledge to innovate and compete in a globalized economy. Additionally, the article explores the potential of digitalization and technology adoption in driving innovation and investment among Kazakhstan SMEs. It discusses the opportunities presented by digital platforms, e–commerce, and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain in enhancing SME productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness

In silico exploration of antinociceptive activity of 1,4-benzodiazepines: Molecular docking on α1 A-adrenoceptor, and phosphodiesterase 4

Recently, scientists have established that several benzodiazepines were found to enhance the activation of a cAMP response element pathway by α1A-adrenergic receptors, but this effect was attributed to off-target inhibition of phosphodiesterases 4. The study explores the pain-relief potential of 1,4-benzodiazepines using in silico methods, focusing on their interaction with α1A-adrenoceptors (α1-AR) and phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). AutoDock Vina-1.2.5 and Glide (Schrödinger Suite) (2023-2) were used to calculate the binding affinities and determine the features of their interactions by the molecular docking method; PlayMolecule software was used to perform molecular dynamics. Propoxazepam exhibits moderate free binding energy for α1A-adrenoceptors, as indicated by its average molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) and Glide Score values. Compared to propoxazepam, 3-hydroxypropoxazepam has enhanced predicted affinity values for the alpha 1A adrenergic receptor, primarily due to the hydroxyl group, which facilitates the formation of additional hydrogen bonds. Propoxazepam, along with its metabolite 3-hydroxypropoxazepam, demonstrates promising interactions with PDE4A, characterized by notably low predicted free binding energy MMGBSA and strong binding affinity computed via AutoDock Vina. Among other ligands, propoxazepam demonstrates the lowest MMGBSA value with PDE4A (phosphodiesterase 4A). The best predicted binding scores of interaction with phosphodiesterase 4 is observed for propoxazepam with PDE4B (phosphodiesterase 4B) -10.3 kcal/mol, according to AutoDock Vina. Propoxazepam and its derivative 3-hydroxypropoxazepam interact with the active sites of PDE4B and PDE4D (phosphodiesterase 4 B) via a “hydrophobic clamp”, a typical binding mode for PDE inhibitors, which relies on crucial hydrophobic interactions. Binding of propoxazepam and its metabolite 3-hydroxypropoxazepa to PDE4B reduces the fluctuations of M-pocket residues and supports the conclusion that ligand binding stabilizes the protein structure of PDE4B. The MMGBSA method predicts that propoxazepam and 3-hydroxypropoxazepam have the most favourable predicted binding energies with PDE4D (2FMO). Since 1,4-benzodiazepines bind to phosphodiesterase 4 similarly to its inhibitors, this may support the hypothesis that benzodiazepines may affect α1-AR by inhibiting PDE4. The study of the binding mechanisms of 1,4-benzodiazepines with phosphodiesterase 4 and alpha-1A adrenoceptors helps to expand the understanding of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of benzodiazepines associated with these proteins, which can be taken into account in the development of new analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents

Prediction the biological activity of substances from medicinal plant raw materials by the In silico method with evaluation of extraction efficiency of various types of extractions

Основним принципом фармакокорекції неврозів є призначення седативних, анксіолітичних засобів, з яких краще застосування препаратів рослинного походження, оскільки вони мають меншу кількість побічних ефектів. За допомогою програмного забезпечення PASS здійснено прогнозування протисудомної активності окремих сполук, що входять до складу ЛРС. Виявлено високі індекси протисудомної активності для алкалоїду протопіну, флавоноїду рутину, фумарової кислоти переважно за рахунок взаємодії з ГАМК рецепторами. Розробка технології отримання екстракту методом водної екстракції є цікавим вирішенням питання раціоналізації процесу екстракції.The main principle of pharmacocorrection of neuroses is the prescription of sedatives, anxiolytics, of which the best use of herbal medicines, because they have fewer side effects. Using the PASS software, the prediction of the anticonvulsant activity of individual compounds that include the MPM was carried out. High indices of anticonvulsant activity were found for protopine alkaloid, rutin flavonoid, fumaric acid, mainly due to interaction with GABA receptors. The development of a technology for obtaining the extract by the method of aqueous extraction is an interesting solution to the problem of streamlining the extraction process

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВНЕШНЕГО МАГНИТНОГО ПОЛЯ НА СИСТЕМУ АНИЗОТРОПНЫХ НАНОЧАСТИЦ

Our work is a complex investigation of the system of magnetic ellipsoidal nanoparticles based on different theoretical approaches and computer experiments. We study the influence of magnetic field on the self-assembly in the systems of magnetic ellipsoids with various orientation of dipoles