Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development

How to Cite This Article: Ahmadi Doulabi M, Sajedi F, Vameghi R, Mazaheri MA, Akbarzadeh Baghban AR. Socioeconomic Status Index to Interpret Inequalities in Child Development. Iran J Child Neurol. Spring 2017; 11(2):13-25.AbstractObjectiveThere have been contradictory findings on the relationship between Socioeconomic Status (SES) and child development although SES is associated with child development outcomes. The present study intended to define the relationship between SES and child development in Tehran kindergartens, Iran.Materials & Methods This cross-sectional survey studied 1036 children aged 36-60 month, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.The principal factor analysis (PFA) model was employed to construct SES indices. The constructed SES variable was employed as an independent variable in logistic regression model to evaluate its role in developmental delay as a dependent variable.Results The relationship between SES and developmental delay was significant at P=0.003. SES proved to have a significant (P<0.05) impact on developmental delay, both as an independent variable and after controlling risk factors.Conclusion There should be more emphasis on developmental monitoring and appropriate intervention programs for children to give them higher chance of having a more productive life.  1. Haghdoost AA. Complexity of the Socioeconomic Status and its Disparity as a Determinant of Health. Int J Prev 2012; 3(2):75. 2. Behavioral and social sciences research. Measuring Socioeconomic Status. e-Source 2013; Available from:http://www.esourceresearch.org 3. Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. Socioeconomic status and child development. 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Health related quality of life in family caregivers of patients suffering from mental disorders

Introduction: In the light of the advances in treatment measures and early discharge of patients with mental disorders from psychiatric hospitals, families play important role in caring for such patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the Quality of Life (QoL) of the family caregivers of patients with mental disorders. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in teaching health care centers affiliated with medical universities in Tehran, Iran. Sampling was conducted by convenience random technique. Participants were 238 family caregivers of mental disorder patients and the Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire was used to gather data. The data were analyzed by Spearman’s correlation, t-test and ANOVA in SPSS 18.0. Results: The women’s mean QoL was lower than the men’s. Regarding family relationship with the patients, the lowest QoL was observed among the mothers. There was a significant relationship between the caregivers QoL and economic status, the caregivers gender, family relationship with the patients and the patients’ gender (p<0.05). Conclusion: The caregivers of mental disorder patients have lower QoL compared with general population. Appropriately developed plans should be implemented to improve QoL among the family caregivers of these patients

Drug-related Atrioventricular Block: Is It a Benign Condition?

Introduction: Prognosis of the patients with beta blocker or calcium channel blocker induced AV block is not well known to date.Methods: All patients with symptomatic second-degree or third-degree atrioventricular block (AV) referred to our institution during one year were recuited prospectively and classified in two groups based on drug consumption (beta blocker/calcium channel blocker versus none). They were followed for six months and then collected data was analyzed.Results: The study included 49 patients, 28 patients (age 60.1 ± 20, 19 male) did not use any beta blocker or calcium channel blocker (No- DU group) and other 21 patients (age 73.5 ± 10.4, 7 male) receivd beta blocker, calcium channel blocker or both at the time of AV block (DU group). No-DU group was significantly younger than DU group. The most common atrial rhythm in both groups was sinus. There was no significant difference in QRS wideness or ventricular rate. AV block regressed in 43% of the DU group after discontinuation of drug for five half-life, but, Mobitz type 2 or complete AV block occurred again during six months in 50% of them without  consumption of the culprit drug.Conclusions: More than two third of the patients who developed AV block on beta blocker and/or calcium channel blocker needed permanent pacemaker in six months of follow- up, so we concluded that the development of AV block was not as benign as it seems in these patients

The Effect of Diabetes on Induced Pain of Formalin and Baclofen Analgesia in Rats

One of the side effects of dibetecs epidemics today in the world is painfulneuropathy, the reasons and treatments of which are unknown. Duo to the importance of problem of pain treatment as on of the harmful phenomena in life, this research studies the effect of continued diabetes on the formalin induced pain and baclofen analgesia in rats. Moreover the effect of baclofen as a non-opiate, analgesic drug on the increased pains in the quiescent phase as the model of diabetic pain is investigated. The method is experimental, evaluating the pain level through conducting the formalin test in 3 groups of rats. The first group was divided to control (injection normal salin) and diabetc (injection aloxan 100mg per kg) which were tested, after one to four weeks from the begining of diabetes, the second one was divided to a new control and diabetic group, and before performing formalin test, the baclofen(10mg per kg) was injected to them. And the third one was divided to two diabetics groups that received baclofen and normal salin and then the pain of the quiescent phase was compared in them. The results indicate that diabetes increases formalin induced pain and remained with continud diabetes. It also indicate that diabetes establishes increased pain in the quiscent phase , yet, it has had no influene  on the baclofen analgesic effect on the first phase of formalin test but increased it on the second phase. Moreover baclofen can quiet the increased pain in quiscent phase very well. Duo to the results of this study it seems that diabetes, with changes in the centeral and peripheral pathways of the pain and also pain control, increases the pain. More studies are required to determining its mechanisms. These changes are accompanied with weakening the internal antipain systems such as Gaba ergic, which can be treated with baclofen . Diabetes has no intraction with the baclofen  analgesics effect, so, baclofen may be recommended as an effective drug to comfort painful diabetic neurophathy.  

Pegylated niosomal nanoparticles loaded with vincristine: Characterization and in vitro evaluation

Purpose: To investigate the effect of pegylated niosomal vincristine (VCR) on enhanced performance, drug resistance and prolonged blood circulation time.Methods: Pegylated niosomal VCR was synthesized by reverse phase evaporation. The mean diameter, size distribution, and zeta potential of pegylated niosomal VCR were evaluated using a Zetasizer. The half-maximal concentration (IC50) values of pegylated niosomal VCR and standard VCR were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The impact of pegylated niosomal VCR on apoptosis and cell cycle of BCL1 lymphoma cancer cells were investigated.Results: The mean diameter, size distribution and zeta potential of pegylated niosomal VCR were 220 nm, 0.4, and –18.8 mV, respectively. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the MTT assay. The IC50 values of pegylated niosomal VCR and standard VCR were 1.6 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively, after a 24-h incubation. The cytotoxicity of pegylated niosomal VCR was twice that of standard VCR. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle showed that pegylated niosomal VCR induced greater mitotic arrest than did standard VCR.Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the effective antitumor activity of pegylated niosomal VCR compared with standard VCR.Keywords: Niosome, Anti-tumour, Polyethylene glycol, Vincristine,   Encapsulation, Lymphom

Cytokine Profiles and Cell Proliferation Responses to Truncated ORF2 Protein in Iranian Patients Recovered from Hepatitis E Infection

Background.The aim of this study was to evaluate hepatitis E virus (HEV) specific cellular immune responses to truncated ORF2 protein in Iranian patients recovered from HEV infection. Information about HEV-specific immune responses could be useful in finding an effective way for development of HEV vaccine. Methods. A truncated formof HEVORF2 protein containing amino acids 112-608 was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) separated from HEV-recovered and control groups. Finally, the levels of four cytokines, IFN

Circulating levels of novel adipocytokines in patients with colorectal cancer

Objective: Adipocytokines have been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this matched case-control study was to explore circulating novel adipocytokines, such as serum visfatin, omentin-1 and vaspin levels in patients with CRC. Method: Serum visfatin, omentin-1, and vaspin levels were measured in 69 subjects (39 patients with colorectal cancer and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Results: Compared with the controls, patients with CRC had significantly higher circulating omentin-1 (203.23 vs 9.12 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) visfatin (4.03 vs 2.01 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and vaspin (0.54 vs 0.31 ng/ ml, p = 0.015) levels. After adjustment for covariates (age and body mass index), patients with CRC had significantly higher serum omentin-1 (p < 0.0001), visfatin (p < 0.0001), and vaspin (p = 0.040) levels than the control group. Furthermore, the results did not change when age and waist-to-hip ratio were considered as covariates in the general linear models. Conclusions: The observed higher levels of omentin-1, visfatin, and vaspin in patients with CRC, independent of measures of obesity, suggest that these adipocytokines may have a potential role in the development of CRC through mechanisms other than the indirect mechanisms that are active in the association between obesity and CRC

Circulating levels of novel adipocytokines in patients with colorectal cancer

Objective: Adipocytokines have been reported to contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this matched case-control study was to explore circulating novel adipocytokines, such as serum visfatin, omentin-1 and vaspin levels in patients with CRC. Method: Serum visfatin, omentin-1, and vaspin levels were measured in 69 subjects (39 patients with colorectal cancer and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Results: Compared with the controls, patients with CRC had significantly higher circulating omentin-1 (203.23 vs 9.12 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) visfatin (4.03 vs 2.01 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and vaspin (0.54 vs 0.31 ng/ ml, p = 0.015) levels. After adjustment for covariates (age and body mass index), patients with CRC had significantly higher serum omentin-1 (p < 0.0001), visfatin (p < 0.0001), and vaspin (p = 0.040) levels than the control group. Furthermore, the results did not change when age and waist-to-hip ratio were considered as covariates in the general linear models. Conclusions: The observed higher levels of omentin-1, visfatin, and vaspin in patients with CRC, independent of measures of obesity, suggest that these adipocytokines may have a potential role in the development of CRC through mechanisms other than the indirect mechanisms that are active in the association between obesity and CRC

Dichlorido(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-κ2 N,N′)cobalt(II)

In the title compound, [CoCl2(C14H12N2)], the CoII atom is four-coordinated in a distorted tetra­hedral geometry by two N atoms from a 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligand and two Cl atoms. The Co atom and the phenanthroline unit are located on a mirror plane. The methyl H atoms are disordered about the mirror plane and areeach half-occupied. In the crystal structure, π–π inter­actions between the pyridine and benzene rings and between the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.8821 (9) and 3.9502 (10) Å, respectively] stabilize the structure