Vakıf Institution and the Preservation of Buildings Before Tanzimat

Osmanlı döneminde yapılı çevrenin oluşumunda ve korunmasında etkin olan vakıflar, dini, hayri, beledi, eğitim, sosyal ve sağlık gibi toplumsal hizmetleri, vakıf kurumu tarafından inşaa edilen külliye, cami, medrese, han, hamam, dükkan gibi mekanlarla sağlamıştır. Vakıf kurumunun altında yatan temel kavram olan sonsuza dek hizmet etme anlayışı ile vakıf yapılarının onarımı, işlevsellik ve vakfın sürekliliği için temel mesele olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu amaçla vakıf kurumu, Osmanlı'da Tanzimat öncesi dönemde sahip olduğu özerk ve yerel yapısı ile, vakıf yapılarının korunmasına yönelik hukuki, idari ve finansal düzenini oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışma, vakıf kurumunda vakıf yapılarının korunmasına yönelik gelişmiş olan bu hukuki, idari ve finansal yapıyı ortaya koymayı ve böylece kurumun yapıların korunmasına yönelik tavrını belirlemeyi amaçlar

Resilience in intentionally destroyed historic settlements: An examination on Kirkuk Citadel and the old town of Van

Armed conflict is considered a major risk for cultural heritage since the Second World War and guidelines are prepared by international organizations such as UNESCO and ICCROM on risk management and protection of cultural heritage in conflict-affected areas. However, the main concerns are reducing risks prior to the armed conflict by identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating and monitoring risks and managing them before the risk occurs. The literature is quite narrow in respect to the ways of protecting cultural heritage and sustaining life for both buildings and people in intentionally destroyed historic settlements. Within this context, this study aims to raise the question on how to manage change in the intentionally destroyed historic settlements and how to strengthen resilience in conflict-affected areas. In order to achieve this aim, an examination on two case studies, Kirkuk Citadel and the Old Town of Van, which were both intentionally destroyed as a result of armed conflict is made using comparative analysis method. The cases are chosen to represent different time periods, scales and types of destruction. Depending on the international law and guidelines, the study tries to understand the impact of armed conflict on the historic settlements embracing tangible and intangible cultural heritage, types of risks that threaten them and the ways to strengthen resilience in such areas. It is revealed as a result of the study that for both case study areas, being in the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage is seen a primary step to be internationally recognized and to claim help for future actions aiming to reduce risks. Nevertheless, it can be argued that strategies have to be developed depending on the size and level of destruction, and the level of intervention to preserve and to rehabilitate life in such historic settlements, as each intentionally destroyed historic settlement has unique cultural, political and economic characteristics

The Investigation of Process of Teaching Function Concept in an Adidactic Learning Environment

This study investigates the learning of the concept of functions in an adidactic learning environment, explains the five phases of the adidactic learning environments defined in the Didactic Situation Theory and their interactions with the milieu generated within the given problem state of the students. It was carried out with 33 ninth grade students from an Anatolian high school in Balikesir. This qualitative study was designed as a case study. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data from students' worksheets, and the transcriptions of video records in order to investigate the outcomes of an adidactic learning environment in detail. Students' performances in the teaching process were evaluated with a checklist for problem-solving, construction of function knowledge and interaction with the milieu. The results showed that the basic conditions of an adidactic learning environment were provided, the students with a high interaction with the milieu constructed function knowledge by completing each stage. The students' display rates for the indicators on the checklist were 70.90% for problem-solving, 77.77% for construction of function knowledge, and 80.00% for interaction with the milieu

Clinical relevance of virulence genes in Helicobacter pylori isolates recovered from adult dyspeptic patients in Turkey

Purpose: Bacterial virulence factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. The aims of this study were to evaluate virulence genes in H. pylori isolates and to compare the presence of these genes and associated clinical pathologies. Methods: A total of 148 H. pylori isolates, recovered from adult dyspeptic patients, were used. The patients, from whom the isolates were obtained, were assigned to two groups by their endoscopic findings, which manifested as chronic gastritis or peptic ulcer. The presence of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia was recorded for each patient, based on histopathological examination. Analyses of the virulence genes were performed by the polymerase chain reaction technique. Results: The patients had a mean age of 47 ?± ?15 years and 86 (58%) of them were female. Based on endoscopic examination, 103 (69.6%) patients were diagnosed with chronic gastritis and 45 (30.4%) with peptic ulcer. Histopathological examination revealed intestinal metaplasia in 30 (20%) patients and gastric atrophy in 12 (8%) patients. The prevalence rates of cagA, cagE, iceA1, iceA2, and babA2 were determined to be 87%, 74%, 58%, 26%, and 95%, respectively. The most prevalent vacA alleles were s1/s1a (82%/97%) and the least prevalent allele was s2 (20%). A new vacA genotype (s1as1bs1c) was detected, for the first time, in 18 (12%) isolates. No significant difference was found between the patient groups with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer for the prevalences of the virulence genes (p ?> ?0.05). Furthermore, intestinal metaplasia and gastric atrophy showed no significant correlation with the virulence genes (p ?> ?0.05). Conclusions: It is thoughted that H. pylori isolates with predominant cagA, cagE, VacA (s1, s1a), and babA2 virulence genes are associated with gastroduodenal diseases. However, there is no correlation between gastric premalignant lesions and virulence genes. © 2022 Indian Association of Medical Microbiologist

The relationship between intellectual property rights and economic growth in middle-income countries

Günümüzde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmelerle birlikte ekonomik büyüme teknoloji ve inovasyon düzeyine bağlı hale gelmiştir. Tüm bu süreçlerin temelinde ise yaratıcı fikir ve buluşlar yer almaktadır. Yaratıcı düşüncenin yasalarla koruma altına alınması anlamına gelen fikri mülkiyet haklarının inovasyon ve ekonomik büyüme üzerine olan etkisi bu bağlamda önem arz etmektedir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde güçlü fikri mülkiyet hakları korumasının yeniliği ve ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik ettiği konusunda literatürde bir fikir birliği varken, taklit ve teknoloji transferinin önemli olduğu orta gelirli ülkelerde güçlü fikri mülkiyet hakları korumasının yeniliği ve ekonomik büyümeyi nasıl etkileyeceği belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı fikri mülkiyet haklarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini orta gelirli ülkeler açısından analiz etmektir. Çalışma 80 tane orta gelirli ülkeyi kapsamaktadır ve geliştirilen hipotez panel eşbütünleşme yöntemiyle test edilmiştir. Araştırma 1995-2020 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Çalışma bulguları paneli oluşturan ülkeler arasında yatay kesit bağımlılığı bulunduğuna işaret etmektedir. Panelin geneli için fikri mülkiyet hakları ve ekonomik büyüme arasında istastiksel olarak anlamsız ancak pozitif bir ilişki ortaya koyarken Kamerun, Jamaika, Fas, Romanya, Samoa ve Zambiya’da fikri mülkiyet hakları ekonomik büyüme değişkenini istatiksel olarak anlamsız ancak negatif etkilemektedir.Nowadays economic growth has become dependent on technology and innovation levels with the effect of developments in information and communication technologies. Creative ideas and inventions are the basis of all these processes. Intellectual property rights mean the protection of creative thinking and therefore their impact on innovation and economic growth is important for countries. There is a consensus in the literature that stronger intellectual property protection in developed countries encourages innovation and economic growth. however, it remains unclear how strong intellectual property rights protection will affect innovation and economic growth in middle-income countries where imitation and technology transfer are important. This study aims to analyze the effect of intellectual property rights on economic growth in terms of middle-income countries. The study covers 80 middle-income countries and the developed hypothesis was tested with the panel cointegration method. The research is for the period 1995-2020. The findings of the study indicate that there is a cross-sectional dependence between the countries that make up the panel. While it revealed a statistically insignificant but positive relationship between intellectual property rights and economic growth for the whole panel, in Cameroon, Jamaica, Morocco, Romania, Samoa and Zambia, intellectual property rights had a statistically insignificant but negative effect on the economic growth variable

Vakıf kökenli kültür varlıklarının korunmasında vakıf kurumunun rolü.

Founded by individuals for religious and charity purposes, the Vakıf institution was the main institution in the construction and conservation of the built environment in the Ottoman period. Religious, charitable, municipal, educational, social and health services were provided by spaces such as külliyes, mosques, medreses, hans, baths, shops, etc. which were built through the Vakıf Institution. As the underlying concept of the vakıf institution was serving forever, the repair of these spaces the vakıf buildings was accepted as a fundamental issue for ensuring the functionality and continuity of the vakıf. With this aim, vakıf institution set the legal, administrative, technical and financial bases for the continuity of the system within its autonomous and local structure in the classical Ottoman period. With the westernization movements in the Tanzimat era, vakıfs were gathered under a central institution called Evkaf Nezareti, which had a central budget and administrative structure. In the Republican period, the General Directorate of Pious Foundations (GDPF) took this centralized institutional structure as it was and since then GDPF has been the heir of the vakıf institution and vakıf heritage in Turkey. However, GDPF has still not adopted an effective conservation policy. GDPF’s attitudes towards the conservation of the vakıf cultural properties are far from the understandings of the classical vakıf system. Briefly, the change of the main concept of the vakıf system after the classical Ottoman period can be considered as the main reason for the increased number of vakıf buildings in ruinous state. From this perspective, this thesis aims at forming a model mainly based on adapting the positive aspects of the classical vakıf system into the GDPF’s conservation mechanism of vakıf-based immovable cultural properties. The focus is given on the examination and comparison of the vakıf system’s past and present attitudes towards sustainable conservation. In this line, it is aimed to adapt the vakıf systems’ applicable legal, administrative and financial approaches towards the conservation to GDPF within the limits of the current administrative and legal system. At another level, the functionality of the proposed model forming of the necessary administrative and legal arrangements is given importance.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Pułapka średniego dochodu: porównanie Turcji i państw BRICS

The concept of the middle income trap takes place among the frequently discussed issues in the growth literature in the last periods. There are a number of countries in the world, which cannot move to the high income economic level and which squeeze to the middle income trap. These countries overcome the low income category with a rapid growth, however, when they reached the middle income level, they began to get slower and came to a deadlock depending on inadequate productivity. The aim of this study is to examine the concept of the middle income trap and make a comparison in terms of Turkey and BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). In the comparison, few factors were taken into consideration, such as human capital, education and innovation. Although Turkey has significantly proceeded in the growth recently, it is not able to reach the high income level, because its existing human capital and innovation level do not seem to be enough. In conclusion, based on results of the comparison with BRICS countries, some necessary suggestions for Turkish policies are presented, in order to rid of the risk of middle income trap.Pojęcie pułapki średniego dochodu zajmuje miejsce pośród najczęściej poruszanych kwestii w literaturze poświęconej wzrostowi gospodarczemu. Istnieje wiele krajów, które nie są w stanie przejść do poziomu wysokiego dochodu i które utknęły w pułapce średniego dochodu. Państwa te pokonały barierę niskiego dochodu wskutek gwałtownego wzrostu, jednak gdy doszły do poziomu średniego dochodu, ich gospodarki zaczęły rosnąć w wolniejszym tempie i napotkały impas wynikający z nieodpowiedniej produktywności. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przeanalizowanie zagadnienia pułapki średniego dochodu i porównanie pod tym względem Turcji oraz państw BRICS (Brazylii, Rosji, Indii, Chin i Republiki Południowej Afryki). W celu dokonania porównania uwzględniono takie czynniki, jak kapitał ludzki, edukację i innowację. Chociaż Turcja wykazała ostatnio znaczącą stopę wzrostu, istniejący kapitał ludzki i innowacje wydają się niewystarczające do przejścia do wysokiego dochodu. We wnioskach, w oparciu o porównanie z krajami BRICS, zaprezentowano sugestie dla polityki Turcji w celu uniknięcia pułapki średniego dochodu

Pułapka średniego dochodu: porównanie Turcji i państw BRICS

The concept of the middle income trap takes place among the frequently discussed issues in the growth literature in the last periods. There are a number of countries in the world, which cannot move to the high income economic level and which squeeze to the middle income trap. These countries overcome the low income category with a rapid growth, however, when they reached the middle income level, they began to get slower and came to a deadlock depending on inadequate productivity. The aim of this study is to examine the concep t of the middle income trap and make a comparison in terms of Turkey and BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). In the comparison, few factors were taken into consideration, such as human capital, education and innovation. Although Turkey has significantly proceeded in the growth recently, it is not able to reach the high income level, because its existing human capital and innovation level do not seem to be enough. In conclusion, based on results of the comparison with BRICS countries, some necessary suggestions for Turkish policies are presented, in order to rid of the risk of middle income trap.Pojęcie pułapki średniego dochodu zajmuje miejsce pośród najczęściej poruszanych kwestii w literaturze poświęconej wzrostowi gospodarczemu. Istnieje wiele krajów, które nie są w stanie przejść do poziomu wysokiego dochodu i które utknęły w pułapce średniego dochodu. Państwa te pokonały barierę niskiego dochodu wskutek gwałtownego wzrostu, jednak gdy doszły do poziomu średniego dochodu, ich gospodarki zaczęły rosnąć w wolniejszym tempie i napotkały impas wynikający z nieodpowiedniej produktywności. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przeanalizowanie zagadnienia pułapki średniego dochodu i porównanie pod tym względem Turcji oraz państw BRICS (Brazylii, Rosji, Indii, Chin i Republiki Południowej Afryki). W celu dokonania porównania uwzględniono takie czynniki, jak kapitał ludzki, edukację i innowację. Chociaż Turcja wykazała ostatnio znaczącą stopę wzrostu, istniejący kapitał ludzki i innowacje wydają się niewystarczające do przejścia do wysokiego dochodu. We wnioskach, w oparciu o porównanie z krajami BRICS, zaprezentowano sugestie dla polityki Turcji w celu uniknięcia pułapki średniego dochodu

Pułapka średniego dochodu: porównanie Turcji i państw BRICS

The concept of the middle income trap takes place among the frequently discussed issues in the growth literature in the last periods. There are a number of countries in the world, which cannot move to the high income economic level and which squeeze to the middle income trap. These countries overcome the low income category with a rapid growth, however, when they reached the middle income level, they began to get slower and came to a deadlock depending on inadequate productivity. The aim of this study is to examine the concep t of the middle income trap and make a comparison in terms of Turkey and BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). In the comparison, few factors were taken into consideration, such as human capital, education and innovation. Although Turkey has significantly proceeded in the growth recently, it is not able to reach the high income level, because its existing human capital and innovation level do not seem to be enough. In conclusion, based on results of the comparison with BRICS countries, some necessary suggestions for Turkish policies are presented, in order to rid of the risk of middle income trap.Pojęcie pułapki średniego dochodu zajmuje miejsce pośród najczęściej poruszanych kwestii w literaturze poświęconej wzrostowi gospodarczemu. Istnieje wiele krajów, które nie są w stanie przejść do poziomu wysokiego dochodu i które utknęły w pułapce średniego dochodu. Państwa te pokonały barierę niskiego dochodu wskutek gwałtownego wzrostu, jednak gdy doszły do poziomu średniego dochodu, ich gospodarki zaczęły rosnąć w wolniejszym tempie i napotkały impas wynikający z nieodpowiedniej produktywności. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przeanalizowanie zagadnienia pułapki średniego dochodu i porównanie pod tym względem Turcji oraz państw BRICS (Brazylii, Rosji, Indii, Chin i Republiki Południowej Afryki). W celu dokonania porównania uwzględniono takie czynniki, jak kapitał ludzki, edukację i innowację. Chociaż Turcja wykazała ostatnio znaczącą stopę wzrostu, istniejący kapitał ludzki i innowacje wydają się niewystarczające do przejścia do wysokiego dochodu. We wnioskach, w oparciu o porównanie z krajami BRICS, zaprezentowano sugestie dla polityki Turcji w celu uniknięcia pułapki średniego dochodu