The importance of water-sensitive planning and design approaches for resilience to flood disaster risk in Istanbul: Evaluation of examples in Çatalca and Beykoz districts

Nowadays, climatic changes are coming to the forefront of the global agenda due to their significant impact. Effects can be seen on rainfall and the hydraulic cycle, the number of disasters such as landslides, floods, and flash floods, which are especially increasing in cities. In recent times, flood and flash flood events have adversely affected many settlement areas in Istanbul. Istanbul, which is the main agglomeration of the country, has expanded spatially towards the urban peripheries due to population growth. The study focuses on the innovative basic principles of water-sensitive planning and design approaches for flood risk reduction, which have gained importance in light of international debates. In this context, the study examines the conditions for developing water-sensitive planning and design approaches in Istanbul and makes recommendations. For this purpose, a comprehensive and detailed literature review was conducted and scientific documents such as articles, international-national conventions, institutional research reports and national legislation were utilized. The study aims to determine the current situation in the areas where flood disasters occur in Istanbul, to identify the causes of the disasters, to question whether the land use decisions and urban planning approaches in the existing legal-administrative structure consider the risk factors for reducing flood disasters. Çatalca district, which is located on the urban periphery of the European side of the city, is very rich in water resources and is where the highest loss of life and material damage occurred in the flood disaster of 2009, was selected as the sample area in the study. Beykoz district, which is located on the periphery of the Anatolian side of Istanbul and very rich in water resources, was selected as another sample area. Within the scope of the study, data were obtained through interviews with relevant local institutions and organizations. Previous studies and existing data on the sample areas have been compiled and evaluated. When the practices of the institutions in the sample locations are examined, it is understood that the method of protection distances determined by legislation for the prevention of flood risk in stream beds is insufficient. In areas where flood risk is experienced, it is tried to be prevented by rehabilitation of streams. There is no holistic approach with planning decisions at the basin scale. As the population, settlement area and impervious surfaces increase in the basins where stream rehabilitation is carried out at high costs, these projects will be insufficient to prevent flood risk. Water-sensitive urban planning and design approaches with participatory and collaborative processes in basin scale should be start for resilience to flood disaster risk in Istanbul

Analysing morphogenetic design approaches in the context of hypothetical housing examples

Conceptual approaches that systematically integrate ecological reasoning with algorithmic design processes have gained increasing attention in theoretical discussions on architectural practice. However, a significant gap remains in terms of their application, particularly within the context of housing architecture. In response to this theoretical gap, this study aims to evaluate the algorithmic orientations of designers who transform their spatial inquiries into an ecological organization through hypothetical housing examples. This evaluation is framed through the concept of morphogenetic design—a biologically informed architectural approach in which form and space evolve not through predetermined templates but through generative, adaptive, and systemic processes. Accordingly, the study addresses two main research questions: \u27The potential impact of morphogenetic design on residential buildings\u27 and \u27Integration of morphogenetic design into housing construction processes\u27. The study employed a qualitative research design and the literature review method to answer the research questions. The research sample consists of four hypothetical housing projects: Embryological House, Multistory Apartment Building, Molecular Engineered House, and The Fab Tree Hab. These projects were developed using morphogenetic design approaches in 2000 and beyond. In order to collect data from the main mass in an easy and fast way, Homogeneous sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling types, was preferred. In this context, the \u27descriptive content analysis method\u27 was preferred to analyse the data obtained in the research and the data was analysed in two stages. In the first stage, descriptive analysis was carried out and the general trend was determined by examining the qualitative studies that could answer the research questions. In the second stage, content analysis was carried out and the data obtained were organised and interpreted according to the parameters set by the researcher. The analysis indicates that morphogenetic design has the capacity to substantially transform the formal, functional and ecological dimensions of future residential buildings. Digital design methods, biologically inspired production techniques and user-participatory design strategies have rendered it feasible for buildings to self-renew, establish symbiotic relationships with their environment and adapt to various living scenarios. This process is characterised by the integration of sustainability and user experience across multiple stages, ranging from design to construction

Earthquake resilience of densely populated settlements: A strategic approach to mitigate Istanbul’s earthquake risk

One of the most significant challenges confronted by earthquake-prone cities results from the urban planning strategies and interventions preferred during the construction and development efforts. The planning of infrastructure that will serve the increasing population is even more important, especially in cities that have historical importance and have evolved into large metropolises in a short time. Proper planning and renewal efforts that align with earthquake-resistant urban development strategies not only add value for all stakeholders but also help avoid significant material and moral losses caused by poorly planned urban development. Although earthquake-prone settlements have thousands of years of construction traditions, these traditions have often been replaced by modern construction techniques nowadays. In cities where the transformation from traditional to modern construction techniques is rapid and uncontrolled, a severe earthquake is more likely to cause a significant damage. Türkiye has a high earthquake risk due to its geographical location. The Main Marmara Fault is an active fault line that poses a serious threat to Istanbul. The devastating earthquake series along the East Anatolian Fault in February 2023 have once again highlighted the urgency of taking necessary precautions and preparations for the anticipated Marmara earthquake. Istanbul is one of the most historically significant metropolises in the world. Accordingly, the city has expanded by receiving immigration since the last major earthquake. Given its unique place in world history and its centuries-old role as the capital of great civilizations, it is crucial to ensure the seismic resilience in Istanbul to protect both the lives and property of its dense population and to safeguard its cultural heritage sites. The aims of this paper are to evaluate the current characteristics of Istanbul in the event of a possible earthquake, to identify potential challenges of the city and to put forward a strategic approach to improve seismic resistance of the city. The evaluation was carried out by conducting a SWOT analysis based on the physical, environmental, social and economic conditions of the city. For this purpose, firstly the previous and current urban design practices adopted in the city was evaluated. The key features effective in the construction of an earthquake resilient settlement was emphasized and taken into consideration. Besides, the crucial stakeholders and their potential contributions were also evaluated. In this context, the problems that needs to be improved are revealed and a conceptual framework of an urban planning strategy is presented to construct an earthquake resilient city that provides satisfaction to all its stakeholders

Assessment of resilience in rural areas: The case of Bağlıköy, Cyprus

Recent developments have significantly impacted both urban and rural areas, leading to increased migration from rural to urban regions and considerable challenges in rural areas. Rural activities have decreased due to the reduction in population and the labour force, affecting economic, environmental, social, and demographic structures. These natural and artificial changes constitute potential threats to rural resilience. Consequently, rural resilience analysis has become essential to ensuring the sustainability and well-being of rural communities in the face of economic, environmental, and social challenges. Rural resilience is defined as the ability to adjust, transform and cope with change in response to ever-changing regional dynamics. There are four key components of rural resilience: economic resilience, social resilience, environmental resilience, and cultural resilience. Robust infrastructure, including transportation, communication, and healthcare systems, maintains connectivity and access to essential services during adverse events. The research focuses on the cultural, economic, environmental, and social factors influencing the resilience of rural area. Besides, this study hypothesizes that the resilience of rural areas is significantly influenced by vulnerabilities resulting from regional transformations, and both natural and artificial impacts. Bağlıköy village was selected as the case study area to examine this hypothesis. A SWOT analysis of Bağlıköy’s rural resilience helps identify internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats that influence its ability to withstand and recover from challenges. The assessment of the vulnerability of rural areas to natural and artificial effects experienced with regional transformations linked to resilience factors. In conclusion, the study evaluates the rural area\u27s resilience and provides recommendations to enhance its sustainability and adaptive capacity

A traditional trace in the urban fabric: Architectural analysis of the Maltepe Mosque

This study aims to present an evaluation of contemporary mosque architecture by addressing the Maltepe Mosque in Ankara, which was built with a traditional approach. In Turkey, modern mosque architecture often adopts design approaches that aim to maintain the traces of the past and remain loyal to the local cultural identity. However, this sometimes causes traditional elements to become an obstacle to innovative architectural approaches. In the study, the architectural features of the Maltepe Mosque, the traditional elements used and the relationship of these elements with modern architecture will be analyzed. In particular, how key architectural elements such as the dome, minaret, mihrab and minbar, which are fundamental to Ottoman and Seljuk architecture, were used in this building and how they were integrated with modern construction techniques will be examined through the plan and structural elements of the mosque. The Maltepe Mosque was selected as a case study in order to question the place of traditional mosque architecture within modern urban life and architectural understanding, to discuss issues of aesthetics, functionality, and originality through architectural elements, and to provide a critical perspective on the future of mosque architecture in Turkey. Whether the design of the Maltepe Mosque, enriched with traditional elements, contributes to the creation of a contemporary structure, its integration with the urban fabric and the degree to which it meets the needs of the users are among the focal points of this study. The limitations imposed by traditionalist approaches in the mosque architecture in the context of modern architecture will be evaluated in terms of aesthetics, functionality and originality. The relationship of the building with its surroundings and the sustainability of traditional mosque forms in a modern city will also be addressed within this framework. Finally, the study aims to offer a unique perspective on the harmony of traditional architecture with modern architecture in Turkey, specifically in the Maltepe Mosque. While the repetition of traditional patterns in mosque architecture can be seen as a factor that limits creativity, it can also be considered as a meaningful step towards preserving collective memory. Therefore, the aim of this study is to critically evaluate this balance between the traditional and the modern and to offer ideas on how mosque architecture in Turkey may evolve in the future

Conflict of virtual and reality in interior design studio: Assessment of student success rates

This study evaluates the relative efficiency of interior architecture education programs delivered through face-to-face education (FFE) compared to online education (OE), from the perspectives of both students and educators. The quality of learning, as perceived by educators, was assessed through the analysis of semester grades assigned after each academic term. Conversely, the student perspective was gathered via a structured questionnaire. This research addresses a notable gap in existing literature regarding student success by incorporating the educators\u27 viewpoints into the analysis with a comparative analysis examining student success rates between FFE and OE. This investigation, from the student perspective, found the FFE model to be a more effective educational approach compared to the OE model. The disparity between the instructors\u27 perspectives was not significant. Nevertheless, valuable insights were obtained from educators utilizing the OE model, especially regarding their experiences during the pandemic. These insights could inform future research on hybrid educational models. As a result, this study advocates for the implementation of a hybrid educational model as a progressive direction for interior architecture education

Silo buildings: A new image in the urban landscape

Silo buildings, traditionally used for storing bulk commodities such as grain, cement, and seeds, have become emblematic of industrial heritage while increasingly facing obsolescence in modern cities. Their cylindrical forms, dictated initially by utilitarian priorities, have made them prominent landmarks in urban and rural landscapes. With advancements in agricultural technology, shifts in logistics, and urban expansion, many silos lost their primary functions, leading to their abandonment or demolition. Recognizing the cultural, historical, and architectural significance of these structures, this study examines the potential of adaptive reuse—mainly through façade modifications and structural alterations—to transform silo buildings into vibrant elements of the contemporary urban fabric. A qualitative multiple-case study methodology was adopted to analyze four exemplary projects: Portland Towers, The Silo, Gemini Residence in Copenhagen, and Sugar City in Amsterdam. Data collection involved the review of architectural documentation, historical records, and visual media, with site observations and, where possible, stakeholder interviews. This approach enabled an in-depth exploration of the strategies employed to convert monumental, monolithic silos into fully functional environments. Central to these transformations were façade interventions—such as the introduction of windows, balconies, and new cladding materials—that humanized previously austere exteriors and improved interior light and ventilation. Structural additions and interior reconfigurations were also critical, helping silo buildings comply with modern building standards and accommodate a range of new functions, including offices, residences, and cultural venues. Findings highlight how carefully balanced preservation and innovation can conserve industrial authenticity while meeting contemporary urban needs. These projects illustrate how adaptive reuse revitalizes obsolete buildings and contributes to urban regeneration by attracting economic investment, enhancing local identity, and promoting sustainability through the conservation of embodied energy. Moreover, preserving a silo’s cylindrical core while introducing modern features fosters a sense of continuity between past and present, reinforcing communal memory. Ultimately, the case studies underscore adaptive reuse as a practical, culturally sensitive pathway for reimagining silo buildings—one that merges historical significance, architectural creativity, and sustainable development to produce dynamic new landmarks in evolving urban landscapes

A comparative analysis of space efficiency in skyscrapers: Case studies from the Middle East, Asia, and North America

This study conducts a critical comparative analysis of spatial efficiency in supertall buildings across three major geographic contexts: the Middle East, Asia, and North America. Through the examination of selected case studies representative of each region, the research investigates the interplay between architectural form, structural typology, and the distribution of usable floor area within vertical structures. The findings reveal significant regional variations in spatial efficiency metrics and core-to-GFA (gross floor area) proportions. In the Asian context, towers predominantly adopt a tapered morphological strategy combined with composite structural systems, resulting in an average spatial efficiency of approximately 68%, with vertical service cores occupying nearly 30% of the GFA. Conversely, Middle Eastern high-rises, typically defined by prismatic massing and monolithic concrete structures, demonstrate a higher spatial efficiency—averaging 76%—with a core-to-GFA ratio of around 21%. North American skyscrapers, frequently employing prismatic or setback configurations alongside reinforced concrete systems, exhibit comparable efficiency rates, with an average of 76% and a similarly proportioned core area. Despite these regional divergences, the analysis identifies a consistent inverse correlation between building height and spatial efficiency, underscoring the technical and spatial challenges associated with height-induced inefficiencies in high-rise design. By elucidating these interregional patterns, the study offers valuable insights into the optimization of vertical spatial organization, contributing to the evolving discourse on high-rise architecture and urban densification

The effects of western housing practices on Turkey’s social housing experience

Social housing emerged as an inevitable yet late response to the changes brought about by industrialization. The sudden population influx caused by mass migration towards expanding old cities and newly developed industrial towns resulted in poor living conditions and the lack of proper accommodation. The evolving response to housing problems paved the way for social housing, which eventually turned into common practices worldwide to provide adequate accommodation to those in need. This paper examines the evolution of Western housing policies and practices, their limitations in the modern social context, and the impact of Western housing practices upon Turkey’s social housing experience. |The analysis aims to highlight the adaptability, challenges and opportunities presented by Western housing policies in a distinct cultural and socio-economic environment

The CODASC database for analyzing the impact of morpho-climatic characteristics of canyon streets on the concentration of air pollutants

Canyon-type urban street is one of the urban forms in which critical and harmful situations for health and the urban environment are appearing today, such as urban heat island, areas of poor ventilation, and retention areas for pollutants emitted by road traffic, heating, and concentration of industrial activities. The higher pollution levels are due to inappropriate relationships between morphological and microclimatic parameters specific to urban street canyons. Previous studies have mentioned the most common ones, namely the aspect ratio (H/W), the orientation of the street to the prevailing winds, and the vegetation. In the city of Algiers, the urban street canyon is very noticeable in two dominant urban fabrics, the medieval organic fabric and the colonial fabric dating back to the French occupation. This paper aims to explain the effect of different factors specific to urban canyons in Algiers on the concentration trend of air pollutants. By adopting the CODASC database containing data on normalized average pollutant concentrations (C+) related to different canyon street models according to aspect ratios H/W values, wind flow direction (α), tree stand density (ρs), and tree crown porosity (PVol). The results showed that LARBI BEN M\u27HIDI Street is more polluted than MOHAMED AZOUZI Street due to the effect of the maximum values of the aspect ratio and the density of trees on the wind behavior. The study results could provide a strategic guide for pollution mitigation to be used by urban planners in the design and implementation phases of sustainable urban development projects in Algiers