Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases

Thermo-Physical Properties of Farmed African Freshwater Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fillet for Process Design and Optimization

The proximate composition of skinned farmed African freshwater catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fillet was determined and found to be moisture (77.2%), protein (17.12%), ash (1.53%), lipid (3.39%) and carbohydrate (0.75%). The density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal  diffusivity and latent heat obtained as functions of the proximate  composition of the fillet were 1059 kgm-3, 3.63 kJkg-1K-1, 0.525  Wm-1K-1, 1.2 x 10-4m2s-1 and 258.62 kJkg-1 respectively. The thermo-physical values obtained were correlated with the proximate composition value, the specific heat, thermal conductivity and latent heat increased with increase in moisture content while thermal diffusivity decreased as  moisture content increased. The density had positive correlation with ash and carbohydrate contents but had inverse relation with protein, lipid and moisture contents. It also had weak inverse relation with thermal diffusivity and latent heat. Thermal conductivity had positive correlation with moisture content but had inverse relation with lipid content and weak relation with ash content. Heat may be transferred better along the fibres of the fillet than across the fibre