COVID-19: Medios de prensa y percepción de riesgo en Cuba. / COVID-19: Press media and risk perception in Cuba.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has not only modified the protocols for medical action in the face of epidemics of respiratory infections in the world; The way the media handles health contingencies has also changed. In the opinion of the World Health Organization (WHO), in this case the communication is not collateral, but an integral part of the health response and is considered “one more public health intervention” (Risk Communication and COVID-19, 2020). It means that, if accurate, prompt and frequent information is provided, in a language that people understand and through reliable channels, the population will be able to make decisions and adopt positive behaviors to protect themselves and their loved ones (Organización Panamericana de la Health, 2020). Not all people perceive risk in the same way and real risk is not the same as perceived risk. Although, for example, health and specialized personnel decide what is risky based on a threat analysis, the public will do so based on their values, emotions and concerns (Risk Communication and COVID-19, 2020). This work summarizes the follow-up that the Center for Demographic Studies (CEDEM) of the University of Havana has been giving to the relationship between the role of the press in Cuba and the construction of the risk perception of diverse populations. In this case, the behavior of selected media in four stages of the pandemic, which runs until January 25, 2021, is comparatively analyzed. / RESUMEN La pandemia de COVID-19, provocada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, no solo ha modificado los protocolos de actuación médica ante epidemias de infecciones respiratorias en el mundo; también ha cambiado la forma en que los medios de comunicación manejan las contingencias sanitarias. A juicio de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), en este caso la comunicación no es colateral, sino parte integral de la respuesta sanitaria y se considera “una intervención de salud pública más” (Comunicación de riesgo y COVID-19, 2020) . Quiere decir que, si se facilita información precisa, pronta y frecuente, en un idioma que las personas entiendan y a través de canales confiables, la población podrá tomar decisiones y adoptar comportamientos positivos para protegerse a sí mismas y a sus seres queridos1 (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020). No todas las personas perciben el riesgo de la misma manera y no es lo mismo el riesgo real, que el riesgo percibido. Si bien, por ejemplo, el personal de salud y especializado decide qué es riesgoso basándose en un análisis de la amenaza, los públicos lo harán partiendo de sus valores, emociones y preocupaciones (Comunicación de riesgo y COVID-19, 2020). Este trabajo resume le seguimiento que ha venido dando el Centro de Estudios Demográficos (CEDEM) de la Universidad de La Habana, a la relación entre el papel de los medios de prensa en Cuba y la construcción de la percepción del riesgo de poblaciones diversas. En este caso se analiza de forma comparativo el comportamiento de medios seleccionados en cuatro etapas de la pandemia, que abarca hasta el 25 de enero de 2021

Política de Población. Experiencias desde Cuba. / Population Policy. Experiences from Cuba.

The recognition of the population as an object and subject of development, the mastery of its socio-demographic characteristics, its inclusion in the processes of elaboration and execution of economic and social development strategies, as well as the use of statistics and research demographic, are subjects of permanent debate and demand. Cuba in 2021 has a government policy to attend to the demographic situation, which recognizes its advanced demographic transition, with low population growth, where demographic aging with 21.3%, accompanies particular trends in demographic variables such as such as: fertility with sustained behavior below replacement level, mortality with indicators that support a high life expectancy at birth and low infant mortality, despite the impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic, and negative and intense external migratory balances internal mobility of people. The scenario is completed with high levels of education of the population, which is protected by assistance and social security regimes. In this context, incorporating the focus of the population - development relationship into economic and social strategies requires a particular approach from the territorial and local spheres, together with the strengthening of governmental, institutional and academic capacities at the national, territorial and local levels, in order to understand and try to transform the situation for knowledge management and to expand their competence in policymaking. It is about analyzing the experience in this complex scenario, the good practices, the challenges and opportunities for science, in the process of improving the population policy in the country. / RESUMEN El reconocimiento de la población como objeto y sujeto del desarrollo, el dominio de sus características sociodemográficas, su inclusión en los procesos de elaboración y ejecución de las estrategias de desarrollo económico y social, así como la utilización de las estadísticas y las investigaciones demográficas, resultan temas de permanente debate y exigencia. Cuba, en el 2021, cuenta con una política gubernamental para la atención a la situación demográfica, que reconoce su avanzada transición demográfica, con bajo crecimiento de la población, donde el envejecimiento demográfico, con un 21,3%, acompaña particulares tendencias de las variables demográficas tales como: fecundidad con sostenido comportamiento por debajo del nivel de reemplazo, mortalidad con indicadores que sustentan una alta esperanza de vida al nacer y baja mortalidad infantil, no obstante los impactos de la pandemia de la COVID-19 y saldos migratorios externos negativos junto a una intensa movilidad interna de las personas. El escenario se completa con altos niveles de educación de la población, la cual es protegida por regímenes de asistencia y seguridad social. En ese contexto, incorporar el enfoque de la relación población–desarrollo a las estrategias económicas y sociales demanda un particular abordaje desde los ámbitos territoriales y locales, unido al fortalecimiento de las capacidades gubernamentales, institucionales y académicas a nivel nacional, territorial y local; con el fin de comprender e intentar transformar la situación para la gestión del conocimiento y para ampliar su competencia en el trazado de políticas. Se trata de analizar la experiencia en este complejo escenario, las buenas prácticas, los desafíos y oportunidades para la ciencia, en el proceso de perfeccionamiento de una política de población en el país

Güira de Melena: Comportamiento socioeconómico y su interrelación con las características del medio físico y de la población. Periodo 2012-2018. / Güira de Melena: Socioeconomic behavior and its interrelation with the characteristics of the physical environment and the population. Period 2012-2018.

The objective of this article is to analyze the socioeconomic behavior of the Güira de Melena municipality in the 2012-2018 period. The results presented show that the productive activities subsystem is determined, fundamentally, by the performance of agricultural work, giving the agrarian character to the economic structure of the municipality. The production of various crops stands out. It obtained high productions with an upward trend in the analyzed period. Regarding the use of land, it has remained constant, as temporary crops predominate, not being so the forms of tenure, since in the analyzed stage the dissolution of one of the three UBPCs took place. It is also evident the interrelation of this subsystem with the physical and sociodemographic subsystems in an agricultural municipality, with an aging population, with sustained low levels of fertility and that its workforce comes from the eastern region of the country. These studies are of vital importance for the design of policies that are in accordance with the existing reality in the municipalities and not to mechanically reproduce the experiences of other scenarios, which too often respond to or are based on alien realities, transformed into imported action models. It shows the importance of knowing the socioeconomic behavior to bear in mind the endogenous capacities of the territories in development strategies. In addition, it expresses the value of inserting the population as an object and subject of territorial and local development. / RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el comportamiento socioeconómico del municipio Güira de Melena en el periodo 2012-2018. Los resultados presentados arrojan que el subsistema de actividades productivas está determinado, en lo fundamental, por la realización de las labores agrícolas, dándole el carácter agrario a la estructura económica del municipio. Se destaca la producción de cultivos varios. Obtuvo altas producciones con tendencia ascendente en el período analizado. En cuanto al uso de la tierra se ha mantenido constante, al predominar los cultivos temporales, no siendo así las formas de tenencia, pues en la etapa analizada se produjo la disolución de una de las tres Unidades Básicas de Producción Cooperativas (UBPC). Se evidencia, además, la interrelación de este subsistema con los subsistemas medio físico y sociodemográfico en un municipio agropecuario, con una población envejecida, con bajos niveles de fecundidad sostenidos y que su fuerza de trabajo procede de la región oriental del país. Estos estudios son de vital importancia para el diseño de políticas que estén acordes con la realidad existente en los municipios y para no reproducir mecánicamente las experiencias de otros escenarios, que con demasiada frecuencia responden o se sustentan en realidades ajenas, transformadas en modelos de acción importados. Además, dichas investigaciones dan muestras de la importancia de conocer el comportamiento socioeconómico para tener presente las capacidades endógenas de los territorios en las estrategias de desarrollo. Además, expresa el valor de insertar a la población como objeto y sujeto del desarrollo territorial y local

Apuntes para la evaluación de la migración internacional de Cuba

In 2020, according to the United Nations global estimate, there were some 281 million international migrants, equivalent to 3.6% of the planet's population, of which two thirds were migrant workers. This amount continues to represent a small minority of the total world population, in direct relation to the exercise of the right and the possibility of migrating or not of human beings and with the various consequences of COVID-19 for international mobility at the beginning of the present decade. Consensus advances on the impact of migration on development and vice versa, at a social and individual level, the importance of being included in the design and implementation of economic and social development strategies. Only, that the scenario of current international economic and political relations continues to be marked by the historical, deep and growing inequalities between countries and regions in the world, which ultimately mediate and even weigh down such efforts. This essay starts from these postulates to provide information, point out analysis and formulate some proposals regarding the evaluation of international migration in the case of Cuba. The context of the second decade of this century is taken into consideration, and the current complex scenario in which the implementation of the country's economic and social development strategy is developed. It is being carried out in an extremely complex international situation, aggravated by the consequences of COVID-19 and, in the particular case of the Island, by the permanence and intensification of an economic, commercial and financial blockade of the northern country. This particular scenario requires Cuba to provide prioritized attention to changes in economic and social policies that impact social dynamics and their links with migratory processes. The solution to the migratory problem must be found in the adoption of strategies that enhance the economic development of the nation and mitigate its most negative effects, through the adoption of policies that facilitate the conservation of the link of these people with the country and take advantage of that economic potential to contribute to this goal. Try to convert it as much as possible into a functional phenomenon for the country's development strategy. Therein lie the main challenges and the policy proposals that are pointed out in this work. / RESUMEN En 2020, según la estimación global de Naciones Unidas, hubo unos 281 millones de migrantes internacionales, equivalentes al 3,6% de la población del planeta, de los cuales dos tercios eran trabajadores migrantes. Esta cantidad sigue representando una pequeña minoría del total de la población mundial, en relación directa con el ejercicio del derecho y la posibilidad de migrar o no de los seres humanos y con las diversas consecuencias del COVID-19 para la movilidad internacional al inicio del presente década. Se avanza en el consenso sobre el impacto de la migración en el desarrollo y viceversa, a nivel social e individual, la importancia de ser incluidos en el diseño e implementación de estrategias de desarrollo económico y social. Solamente, que el escenario de las actuales relaciones económicas y políticas internacionales sigue estando marcado por las históricas, profundas y crecientes desigualdades entre países y regiones del mundo, que en última instancia median e incluso lastran dichos esfuerzos. Este artículo parte de estos postulados para aportar información, señalar análisis y formular algunas propuestas en torno a la evaluación de la migración internacional en el caso de Cuba. Se toma en consideración el contexto de la segunda década de este siglo, y el complejo escenario actual en el que se desarrolla la implementación de la estrategia de desarrollo económico y social del país. Se lleva a cabo en una coyuntura internacional sumamente compleja, agravada por las consecuencias de la COVID-19 y, en el caso particular de la Isla, por la permanencia y recrudecimiento de un bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero al país del norte. Este escenario particular requiere que Cuba brinde una atención prioritaria a los cambios en las políticas económicas y sociales que impactan en las dinámicas sociales y sus vínculos con los procesos migratorios. La solución al problema migratorio debe encontrarse en la adopción de estrategias que potencien el desarrollo económico de la nación y mitiguen sus efectos más negativos, mediante la adopción de políticas que faciliten la conservación del vínculo de estas personas con el país y aprovechen de ese potencial económico para contribuir a este objetivo. Tratar de convertirlo en lo posible en un fenómeno funcional para la estrategia de desarrollo del país. Ahí radican los principales desafíos y las propuestas de política que se señalan en este trabajo

COVID-19, migración internacional, movilidad territorial y fenómenos económicos y sociales asociados. El caso particular de La Habana. / COVID-19, international migration, territorial mobility and associated economic and social phenomena. The specific case of Havana.

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has had an unprecedented impact on all areas of human life, including migration and mobility. Starting from the fact that, if the epidemic is contained in one place and in others it is not very likely that it will constantly re-emerge, without a doubt, an important aspect for the gradual and effective recovery of society will be the effectiveness with the that population mobility is contained and subsequently restarted. Based on this scenario and taking into account that human mobility constitutes the main risk of importation and dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, it has been decided to carry out an analysis of the epidemiological situation and of international mobility and migration in Cuba -with emphasis on Havana- since this province is the capital of the country and the epicenter of the epidemic in the national territory. The fundamental sources of information come from the National Statistical Information System; the Ministry of Public Health; the Ministry of Labor and Social Security; the Ministry of Transport; of the Directorate of Identification, Immigration and Aliens and of information published on the website Our World in Data. / RESUMEN La pandemia causada por la COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto sin precedentes en todas las áreas de la vida humana, incluyendo las de la migración y la movilidad de la población. Partiendo del hecho de que, si la epidemia es controlada en un lugar y no en otros es muy probable que re-emerja constantemente, sin lugar a dudas, un aspecto importante para la recuperación paulatina y efectiva de la sociedad lo constituye la efectividad con la que se contenga y posteriormente se reinicie la movilidad poblacional. A partir de este escenario, y tomando en cuenta que la movilidad humana constituye el principal riesgo de importación y diseminación de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, se decidió realizar un análisis de la situación epidemiológica y de la movilidad y la migración internacional en Cuba ―con énfasis en La Habana― toda vez que esta provincia es la capital del país y el epicentro de la epidemia en el territorio nacional. Como resultado emergieron un grupo de otros fenómenos sociales, en el caso de la capital del país, vinculados con su población, la movilidad y migración de esta, que se incluyen en esta propuesta, por su relevancia para la toma de decisiones sobre del control de la movilidad de la población en el contexto de la COVID19, el ordenamiento del transporte, los servicios esenciales en particular el acceso a la canasta básica normada por la población flotante en La Habana y el resto del país, así como otros fenómenos sociales de alta complejidad agudizados por las consecuencias de la pandemia. Las fuentes fundamentales de información proceden del Sistema de Información Estadístico Nacional, de la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas e Información; del Ministerio de Salud Pública; del Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social; del Ministerio del Transporte; de la Dirección de Identificación, Inmigración y Extranjería y de información publicada en el sitio web Our World in Data (2020)

Integration of chemical engineering skills in the curriculum of a master course in industrial engineering

Promoting new teaching methodologies is essential to improve the participation, motivation, interest, and results of students in all educational stages. In this sense, flipped classroom and problem-based learning have emerged in the last years as fascinating options to be implemented in high education levels thanks to the students’ maturity and previously acquired background. Working with motivating case studies based on real processes with their restrictions appears as an opportunity to bring future professionals closer to the industrial problems; this will capacitate engineers to solve and understand complex procedures getting tangible results. In this context, the main goal of this work is to combine flipped classroom and problem-based learning methodologies to gain the interest of students of a Master course in Industrial Engineering in the subject of Chemical Processes using real data of local companies. A survey, designed by the academics involved, will help collecting the opinion of students as well as the acquired skills in the frame of the specific subject. Results demonstrated the satisfaction of the students with the course, highlighting mainly the acquisition or improvement of self-learning skills (survey 4.0/5.0), capacity for organization and planning (survey 4.0/5.0), analytical ability (survey 4.2/5.0), and teamwork (survey 4.3/5.0). In addition, the grades accomplished during the year of implementation show that although the success rate is quite similar to preceding years, the marks achieved are considerably higher

Comportamiento sociodemográfico del municipio de Güira de Melena en el periodo 2012-2018. / Sociodemographic behavior of Güira de Melena municipality in 2012-2018 period.

The objective of this article is to analyze the sociodemographic behavior of the population of the Güira de Melena municipality in the period 2012-2018. The results presented reflect the sustained low levels of fertility, alarming values in adolescent fertility, with great differentiation according to areas of residence, a high migratory flow and an accelerated aging process of the urban population; which can cause in the short or medium term a marked impact on the economic and social development plans of the territory. These studies are of vital importance for the design of policies that are in accordance with the existing reality in the municipalities, and not mechanically reproduce the experiences of other scenarios, which too often respond to or are based on alien realities, transformed into action models imported. It shows the importance of knowing the sociodemographic behavior of the population to bear in mind the endogenous capacities of the territories in development strategies. Furthermore, it expresses the value of inserting the population as an object and subject of territorial and local development. / RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el comportamiento sociodemográfico de la población del municipio Güira de Melena en el periodo 2012-2018. Los resultados presentados reflejan los sostenidos bajos niveles de fecundidad y altos valores en la fecundidad adolescente, con una gran diferenciación según zonas de residencia; un elevado flujo migratorio y un acelerado proceso de envejecimiento de la población urbana; lo que puede ocasionar a corto o mediano plazo una marcada incidencia en los planes de desarrollo económico y social del territorio. Estos estudios son de vital importancia para el diseño de políticas que estén acorde con la realidad existente en los municipios y para no reproducir mecánicamente las experiencias de otros escenarios, que con demasiada frecuencia responden o se sustentan en realidades ajenas, transformadas en modelos de acción importados. Da muestras de la importancia de conocer el comportamiento sociodemográfico de la población para tener presente las capacidades endógenas de los territorios en las estrategias de desarrollo. Además, expresa el valor de insertar a la población como objeto y sujeto del desarrollo territorial y local

Participatory Design of Multi-Use Platforms at Sea

European oceans are subject to rapid development. New activities such as aquaculture and ocean energy have gained importance. This triggers interest in “multi-use platforms at sea” (MUPS), i.e., areas at sea in which different activities are combined. MUPS are complex features with regards to technology, governance, and financial, socioeconomic, and environmental aspects. To identify realistic and sustainable solutions and designs for MUPS, the MERMAID project applied a participatory design process (PDP) involving a range of stakeholders representing companies, authorities, researchers, and NGOs. This paper evaluates if and how the participatory design process contributed to the design of multi-use platforms. It is based on interviews with the managers of the case study sites and a questionnaire administered to all stakeholders participating in the PDP workshops. Analyzing the four case studies, we conclude that the participatory design process has had a valuable contribution to the development of the four different designs of MUPS, even though the preconditions for carrying out a participatory design process differed between sites. In all four cases, the process has been beneficial in generating new and shared knowledge. It brought new design issues to the table and increased knowledge and understanding among the different stakeholders

Simultaneous imaging of hard and soft biological tissues in a low-field dental MRI scanner

[EN] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of hard biological tissues is challenging due to the fleeting lifetime and low strength of their response to resonant stimuli, especially at low magnetic fields. Consequently, the impact of MRI on some medical applications, such as dentistry, continues to be limited. Here, we present three-dimensional reconstructions of ex-vivo human teeth, as well as a rabbit head and part of a cow femur, all obtained at a field strength of 260 mT. These images are the first featuring soft and hard tissues simultaneously at sub-Tesla fields, and they have been acquired in a home-made, special-purpose, pre-medical MRI scanner designed with the goal of demonstrating dental imaging at low field settings. We encode spatial information with two pulse sequences: Pointwise-Encoding Time reduction with Radial Acquisition and a new sequence we have called Double Radial Non-Stop Spin Echo, which we find to perform better than the former. For image reconstruction we employ Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) as well as standard Fourier methods. An analysis of the resulting images shows that ART reconstructions exhibit a higher signal-to-noise ratio with a more homogeneous noise distribution.We thank anonymous donors for their tooth samples, Andrew Webb and Thomas O'Reilly (LUMC) for discussions on hardware and pulse sequences, and Antonio Tristan (UVa) for information on reconstruction techniques. This work was supported by the European Commission under Grants 737180 (FET-OPEN: HISTO-MRI) and 481 (ATTRACT: DentMRI). Action co-financed by the European Union through the Programa Operativo del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) of the Comunitat Valenciana 2014-2020 (IDIFEDER/2018/022). 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