Group diversity and group identification:the moderating role of diversity beliefs

Research on diversity in teams and organizations has revealed ambiguous results regarding the effects of group composition on workgroup performance. The categorization—elaboration model (van Knippenberg et al., 2004) accounts for this variety and proposes two different underlying processes. On the one hand diversity may bring about intergroup bias which leads to less group identification, which in turn is followed by more conflict and decreased workgroup performance. On the other hand, the information processing approach proposes positive effects of diversity because of a more elaborate processing of information brought about by a wider pool and variety of perspectives in more diverse groups. We propose that the former process is contingent on individual team members' beliefs that diversity is good or bad for achieving the team's aims. We predict that the relationship between subjective diversity and identification is more positive in ethnically diverse project teams when group members hold beliefs that are pro-diversity. Results of two longitudinal studies involving postgraduate students working in project teams confirm this hypothesis. Analyses further reveal that group identification is positively related to students' desire to stay in their groups and to their information elaboration. Finally, we found evidence for the expected moderated mediation model with indirect effects of subjective diversity on elaboration and the desire to stay, mediated through group identification, moderated by diversity beliefs

'Education, education, education' : legal, moral and clinical

This article brings together Professor Donald Nicolson's intellectual interest in professional legal ethics and his long-standing involvement with law clinics both as an advisor at the University of Cape Town and Director of the University of Bristol Law Clinic and the University of Strathclyde Law Clinic. In this article he looks at how legal education may help start this process of character development, arguing that the best means is through student involvement in voluntary law clinics. And here he builds upon his recent article which argues for voluntary, community service oriented law clinics over those which emphasise the education of students

Validation of standard and alternative satellite ocean-color chlorophyll products off Western Iberia

Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) product validation off theWestern Iberian coast is here undertaken by directly comparing remote sensing data with in situ surface reference values. Both standard and recently developed alternative algorithms are considered for match-up data analysis. The investigated standard products are those produced by the MERIS (algal 1 and algal 2) and MODIS (OC3M) algorithms. The alternative data products include those generatedwithin the CoastColour Project and Ocean Color Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) funded by ESA, as well as a neural net model trained with field measurements collected in the Atlantic off Portugal (MLPATLP). Statistical analyses showed that satellite Chl estimates tend to be larger than in situ reference values. The study also revealed that a non-uniform Chl distribution in the water column can be a concurring factor to the documented overestimation tendency when considering larger optical depth match-up stations. Among standard remote sensing products, MODIS OC3M and MERIS algal 2 yield the best agreement with in situ data. The performance of MLPATLP highlights the capability of regional solutions to further improve Chl retrieval by accounting for environmental specificities. Results also demonstrate the relevance of oceanographic regions such as the Nazaré area to evaluate how complex hydrodynamic conditions can influence the quality of Chl products.This studywas performed in the framework of HabSpot FCT Project, PTDC/MAR/100348/2008 and European Space Agency projects DUE CoastColour (ESRIN/AO/1-6141/09/l-EC) and Climate Change Iniciative — Ocean Color (AO-1/6207/09/I-LG). The work has been also partially supported by the European Space Agency within the framework of the MERIS Validation Activities under contract n. 12595/09/I-OL, and sampling activities benefited from European projects HERMES (GOCE-CT-2005-511234) and Hermione (EC contract 226354) support. We would like to thank NASA OBPG for the MODIS data and ESA Project AOPT-2423 for providing MERIS full resolution images. Ana C. Brito was funded by a Portuguese Post-doc grant from FCT (BPD/63017/2009) and by the Investigador FCT Program (IF/00331/2013). Davide D'Alimonte was funded by Investigador FCT Program (IF/00541/2013).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Composição química, digestibilidade e disponibilidade de capim-elefante cv. Napier manejado sob pastejo rotativo Chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and forage mass of elephantgrass cv. Napier pasture managed in a rotational grazing system

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a composição química, a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), a disponibilidade de forragem de capim-elefante cv. Napier e a produção de leite (PL). As estimativas de disponibilidade de MS foram realizadas mensalmente, um dia antes da entrada dos animais nos piquetes, por meio da técnica do pastejo simulado. As amostras de forragem foram colhidas observando-se a altura do resíduo pós-pastejo do ciclo anterior. Foram colhidas seis amostras por tratamento de touceiras classificadas como de alturas alta, média e baixa. As amostras foram pesadas, obtendo-se a média de forragem das três touceiras em cada tratamento em cada ciclo de pastejo. Subamostras foram retiradas para determinação da composição química (MS, PB, FDN e FDA) e da DIVMS. A pastagem foi manejada sob pastejo rotativo, com três dias de ocupação e 30 dias de intervalo de desfolha, com duas repetições de área, utilizando-se vacas Holandês x Zebu, conforme os seguintes tratamentos: pastagem, sem suplementação (T0), suplementação com concentrado durante 60 dias (T60) e/ou 120 dias de lactação (T120). Foi fornecido nos tratamentos T60 e T120 1 kg de concentrado (20% de PB e 70% de NDT) para cada 2 kg de leite produzido acima de 10 kg. A pastagem foi adubada com 1.000 kg/ha/ano da fórmula 20:05:20. Não houve diferença na composição química e na DIVMS entre os tratamentos, cujos valores médios foram de 13,6; 69,1; 39,5 e 63,8% para PB, FDN, FDA e DIVMS, respectivamente. A disponibilidade de MS também não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, tanto por área (kg/ha de MS) quanto por vaca (kg/dia), obtendo-se médias de 1.480; 1.760 e 1.870 e 12,4; 14,7 e 15,6 kg/vaca/dia, para T0, T60 e T120, respectivamente. A PL não diferiu entre os tratamentos, com média de 11,65 kg/vaca/dia, porém com diferenças entre as médias nos estádios de lactação: 15,1; 11,6 e 8,2 kg/vaca/dia de 1 a 60 dias, de 60 a 120 dias e acima de 120 dias. Nas condições deste experimento, os tratamentos não afetaram as variáveis estudadas.<br>One experiment was run to study the chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and the dry matter mass of elephantgrass pasture cv. Napier. Estimates of forage mass were accomplished monthly according to the hand plucking technique with samples being taken one day before the cows were turned into the paddocks. Forage samples were taken observing the stubble height of the pasture in the former grazing cycle. Six samples per treatment were collected from high, medium and low representative tuffs in the sampled paddocks. Samples were weighted in order to obtain the average forage yield per treatment on each grazing cycle. Forage subsamples were analyzed for chemical composition (DM, CP, NDF e ADF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Pasture was managed in a rotational grazing system of 33 days grazing cycle with three days grazing period and 30 days rest period. There were two replication units per treatment. Twenty four crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows were used, there being eight per treatment. The following treatments were studied: Elephantgrass pasture with no concentrate (T0); Elephantgrass supplemented with concentrate during the first 60 days of lactation (T60) and a 120 days of lactation (T120). Cows on treatments T60 and T120 received 1 kg of concentrate (20% CP and 70% TDN) for each 2 kg of milk above 10 kg, daily. Pasture was fertilized with 1,000 kg/ha/year of a 20:05:20 formula. There was no treatment effect on the forage chemical composition and IVDMD figures. Mean values for CP, NDF, ADF and IVDMD were: 13.6, 69.1, 39.5, and 63.8% for CP, NDF, ADF and IVDMD, respectively. There was no treatment effect on forage mass (1,480; 1,760 and 1,870 kg DM/ha) and daily forage allowance per cow (12.4; 14.7 and 15.6 kg DM/day). There was no treatment effect for milk yield averaging 11.65 kg/cow/day. However there was treatment effect for stage of lactation, which averaged 15.1, 11.6, and 8.2 kg/cow/day for 1 to 60, 60 to 120 and over 120 days, respectively