Importancia de la prueba en la elaboración de la Teoría del caso en la Investigación Criminal con el nuevo modelo Procesal Penal

La investigación expuesta en la tesis abarca un aspecto que considero relevante en el ámbito del Derecho Penal y Procesal Penal. Ella está relacionada a fundamentar la importancia de la prueba y su relación con la construcción de la Teoría del Caso. Como se sabe, sobre la prueba no solo existen diferentes acepciones (prueba en sentido objetivo y en sentido subjetivo), sino que, además, existen diversas nociones (objeto medio, fuente, elemento, etc.) que forman parte de la materia probatoria y que reciben el nombre de prueba. También la extensión de la carga dinámica de la prueba en un proceso penal acusatorio, exige que la Fiscalía cumpla de manera integral su rol procesal. En esa dirección, se deberá determinar rigurosamente los presupuestos personales, fácticos y jurídicos de la imputación y la acusación. Por otra parte, los jueces deben cumplir cabalmente su rol de protectores de los derechos fundamentales en juego en el proceso penal. En el mismo sentido, los jueces deben exigir el estricto respeto de las reglas de descubrimiento probatorio de tal manera que la Fiscalía lo cumpla en el acto complejo de la acusación. El juicio oral es un espacio público donde se establece una relación jurídica y permite que se reúnan los sujetos procesales para que un juez administre justicia. Para ello está el Fiscal que acusa y un defensor que defiende. Cada parte aparece en el proceso respaldando su Teoría del Caso. En ese sentido, la Teoría del Caso es la tesis o la propuesta de solución que las partes dan a los hechos que son objeto de controversia. La Teoría del Caso, es el planteamiento que la acusación o la defensa hace sobre los hechos penalmente relevantes, las pruebas que los sustentan y los fundamentos jurídicos que lo apoyan. Se presenta en el alegato inicial como una historia que reconstruye los hechos con propósitos persuasivos hacia el juzgador. En términos más claros, la Teoría del Caso es el resultado de la conjunción de las hipótesis fáctica, jurídica y probatoria que manejan el Fiscal y el defensor respecto de un caso concreto. Se la empieza a construir desde el primer momento en que se tiene conocimiento de los hechos a partir de un procedimiento metodológico. En ese sentido, la Teoría del Caso, recusa la improvisación, la incoherencia lógica y fáctica, pues, las hipótesis deben ser sujetas a verificación o comprobación mediante las diligencias que se practican durante la investigación. La presente tesis culmina con algunas propuestas metodológicas sobre la construcción y formulación de la Teoría del Caso.Tesi

Diseño de un Sistema de tratamiento para lixiviados generados en el Relleno Sanitario de la ciudad de Chunchi.

Se diseñó un Sistema de Tratamiento para los Lixiviados generados en el Relleno Sanitario del Cantón Chunchi, con el propósito de mejorar sus características físico – químicas y microbiológicas de manera que esté apta para utilizar como fuente de regadío y contribuir a la conservación de los recursos naturales del sector. Se recogió muestras de los lixiviados durante tres meses para la realización de los análisis físico - químicos y microbiológicos, que se desarrollaron en el laboratorio CESTTA, en los estudios de caracterización de los mismos, se identificaron varios parámetros fuera de los Límites permisibles estipulados en el Texto Unificado de Legislación Ambiental, siendo estos: nitratos, sólidos totales, demanda química de oxígeno, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, Coliformes fecales y Coliformes totales. Conforme a las caracterizaciones realizadas a dicha agua residual se determinó la necesidad de diseñar un sistema que permita reducir los contaminantes presentes en este fluido. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación se vio la necesidad en primera instancia de un tanque para filtro lento de arena, por el cual pasa el lixiviado y otro para el humedal artificial en el cual son sembradas las plantas fitodepuradoras llamadas totoras las mismas que remediaran el agua, al final del proceso las aguas tratadas fueron expuestas a pruebas de laboratorio arrojando resultados donde observamos que la DQO y DBO sigue estando fuera de los límites máximos permisibles, para eliminar la mayor cantidad de estos contaminantes se realizó pruebas de tratabilidad con el PAC y un polímero en el cual se obtuvieron nuevos resultados donde los parámetros están dentro de la Norma Técnica del TULAS cumpliendo así con lo establecido en el reglamento. Se concluye indicando que los parámetros analizados permitieron determinar los componentes de la planta de tratamiento, el mismo que constará de: filtro lento de arena, biorreactor (humedal artificial), homogeneizador y sedimentador. Se recomienda implementar este sistema para el tratamiento de los lixiviados en el Cantón Chunchi, ya que garantizará que el efluente cumpla con los parámetros de acuerdo a los límites establecidos, por la normativa vigente y evitando la contaminación ambiental.If was designed a Treatment System for the leschates generated in the Sanitary Landfill of Chunchi, to improve its physical- chemical charateristics and microbiological un that way is suitable for using like an irrigation source and contribute to the conservation of natural resources of área. Were collected samples of leachates during three months for the analysis physical-chemical and microbioogical, that were developed in the CESTTA lab, in the characterization studies of the same, werw identified many paremeters out of permisible limits stipulated in the Unified Text of environmental Law, being this: nitrates, total solids, chemical demando d oxygen, faecal coliforms and total coliforms. According to the characterization made to waste wáter was determined the necessity of design a system that allows to reduce the present contaminants in this fluid. For this research was determined the necessity in the first instance of a tank for sandy slow filter, by which pass the leachate and other for the artificial wetland in which are seeding the phytopurifying plants called totoras, the same will remedy the wáter, to the and of the process the treated waters were exposedto lab test with results where is observed that DQO and DQO remain out of maximun permisible limits, to eliminate the major quantity of these contaminants was realized testing treatability with the PAC and a polymer in which were obtained new results were the parameters are into os thecnical rule of TULAS established with the regulation. It is concluded that the analized parameters allowed determine the components of the Treatment Plant, the same will consist of: Sandy slow filter, biorreactor (artificial wetland), homogenizer and sedimenter. It is recommend to implement this system of the treatment of the leachates in Chunchi, since that is will guarantee thet the effluent fulfil with the parameters according to the estblished limits by the current regulation and avoiding the environmental contamination

Nanostructured Au(111)/Oxide epitaxial heterostructures with tailoring plasmonic response by a one-step strategy

In this work, we present a strategy for developing epitaxial incommensurate nanostructured Au/oxide heterostructures with tunable plasmonic response. Previously, high-quality single-phase and single-oriented alfa-Fe2O3(0001) thin films were achieved, which have been used as a template for noble-metal epitaxial deposition. The complex systems have been grown by pulsed laser deposition on two different types of oxide substrates: alfa-Al2O3(0001) and SrTiO3(111). A one-step procedure has been achieved tailoring the isolated character and the morphological features of Au nanostructures through the substrate temperature during Au growth, without altering the structural characteristics of the hematite layer that is identified as a single iron oxide phase. The epitaxial character and the lattice coupling of Au/oxide bilayers are mediated through the sort of oxide substrate. Single-oriented Au(111) islands are disposed with a rotation of 30° between their crystallographic axes and those of alfa-Fe2O3(0001). The Au(111) and SrTiO3(111) lattices are collinear, while a rotation of 30° happens with respect to the alfa-Al2O3(0001) lattice. The crystallographic domain size and crystalline order of the hematite structure and the Au nanostructured layer are dependent on the substrate type and the Au growth temperature, respectively. Besides, the functional character of the complex systems has been tested. The localized surface plasmons related to Au nanostructures are excited and controlled through the fabrication parameters, tuning the optical resonance with the degree of Au nanostructuring.This work was supported by the Ministerio Español de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU), and the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) through the project PIE-2010 6 OE 013. J.L.-S. and E.E. acknowledge the FPI fellowship and the Torres Quevedo contract (ref: PTQ-14-07289). The ESRF, MCIU, and CSIC are acknowledged for the provision of synchrotron radiation facilities. The authors thank Dr M.A. García for the useful discussion about the plasmonic results and Carlos Beltrán for technical support during the experiments at the BM25 beamline at The ESRF

Programa postpenitenciario para personas excarceladas con discapacidad intelectual

El presente trabajo pretende analizar la situación y obstáculos que se encuentran las personas excarceladas con discapacidad intelectual -leve y moderada-, con el objetivo de crear un programa postpenitenciario para este colectivo. Es bien cierto que podemos intuir a las dificultades que se encontrarán las personas una vez salgan de la privación de libertad en centros penitenciarios, pero, ¿somos conscientes de los impedimentos y objeciones que se encuentran los sujetos doblemente discriminados, que padecen de discapacidad intelectual? Para ello, se realizará un recorrido para comprender la discapacidad intelectual, sus escalas de grados, la epidemiologia, delictogenesis, comorbilidad y el entorno penitenciario. Una vez comprendido esto, se aproximará a los obstáculos que se encuentran las personas con discapacidad intelectual una vez son puestas en libertad, además, se pondrán de manifiesto los diferentes programas que se han llevado a cabo a lo largo del tiempo. Una vez comprendidas las esferas más teóricas del campo a estudiar, se abordará el planteamiento de un innovador programa postpenitenciario para las personas excarceladas con discapacidad intelectual.This paper aims to analyze the situation and obstacles encountered by people released from prison with intellectual disabilities - mild and moderate-, with the aim of creating a postpenitentiary program for this group. It is true that we can intuit the difficulties that people will encounter once they leave the deprivation of liberty in prisons, but are we aware of the impediments and objections that are doubly discriminated subjects, who suffer from intellectual disabilities? To this end, a journey will be made to understand intellectual disability, its scales of degrees, epidemiology, criminogenesis, comorbidity and the prison environment. Once this is understood, we will approach the obstacles encountered by people with intellectual disabilities once they are released, in addition, we will highlight the different programs that have been carried out over time. Once the more theoretical spheres of the field to be studied have been understood, the approach of an innovative post-penitentiary program for released persons with intellectual disabilities will be addressed

Context-dependent roles of cellular senescence in normal, aged, and disease states.

Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest that often emerges after tissue damage and in age-related diseases. Through the production of a multicomponent secretory phenotype (SASP), senescent cells can impact the regeneration and function of tissues. However, the effects of senescent cells and their SASP are very heterogeneous and depend on the tissue environment and type as well as the duration of injury, the degree of persistence of senescent cells and the organism's age. While the transient presence of senescent cells is widely believed to be beneficial, recent data suggest that it is detrimental for tissue regeneration after acute damage. Furthermore, although senescent cell persistence is typically associated with the progression of age-related chronic degenerative diseases, it now appears to be also necessary for correct tissue function in the elderly. Here, we discuss what is currently known about the roles of senescent cells and their SASP in tissue regeneration in ageing and age-related diseases, highlighting their (negative and/or positive) contributions. We provide insight for future research, including the possibility of senolytic-based therapies and cellular reprogramming, with aims ranging from enhancing tissue repair to extending a healthy lifespan.Work in the authors’ laboratory is supported by MINECO-Spain (RTI2018-096068), H2020 European Research Council-2016-AdG-741966, LaCaixaHEALTH-HR17-00040, MWRF, French Muscular Dystrophy Association, Muscular Dystrophy Association, Fundacio LaMarató TV3 (80/19-202021 and 137/ 38-202033) and UPGRADE-H2020-825825; and María-de-Maeztu-Program for Units of Excellence to UPF (MDM-2014-0370), Severo Ochoa-Program for Centers of Excellence to CNIC (SEV-2015-0505).S

Un nuevo enfoque didáctico para la enseñanza de la Nanotecnología en titulaciones superiores y Máster Universitarios de Ciencias: MOOC en Nanotecnología

Habida cuenta del interés del alumnado de Ciencias, tanto a nivel bachillerato como universitario, por la Nanotecnología y tras la organización de dos cursos sobre la misma en la UVRA, el Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular de la UA se embarcó en el proyecto de diseño y construcción del primer MOOC (del inglés Massive On-line Open Course) sobre Nanotecnología en España, contando con el asesoramiento de UniMOOC. El objetivo del curso es obtener una mejor comprensión de la nanotecnología y su conexión con la vida real; un nuevo enfoque didáctico para la enseñanza de la Nanotecnología en titulaciones superiores y Máster Universitarios. El sitio web es la principal guía a través de los recursos y actividades del curso, donde el estudiante dispone de una serie de herramientas gratuitas que descubrirá en las diferentes unidades, como vídeos, tutoriales, applets, etc. En este contexto, hemos creado una Red de investigación en docencia universitaria en colaboración con el Dpto. Lenguajes y Sistemas de la UA y UniMOOC, cuyo objetivo es la actualización de contenidos, actividades y recursos del mismo, su puesta en marcha y difusión, así como el análisis de su posible implantación en titulaciones afines

The effects of a topical gel containing chitosan, 0,2% chlorhexidine, allantoin and despanthenol on the wound healing process subsequent to impacted lower third molar extraction

Despite efforts to prevent postoperative discomfort, there are still many immediate side effects associated with the surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars. Cicatrization is a physiological process through which the loss of integrity of oral mucosa is recovered and damaged tissues are repaired. Bexident Post (ISDIN, Spain) is a topical gel that contains chitosan, 0.2% chlorhexidine, allantoin and dexpanthenol. While this gel has many clinical indications, there are no published clinical trials evaluating its use in impacted mandibular third molar surgery. This study aims to clinically evaluate the efficacy of a gel containing chitosan, 0.2% chlorhexidine, allantoin and dexpanthenol on wound healing and reduction of postoperative side effects and complications after extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar. A split-mouth design study was carried out on a total of 50 bilaterally and symmetrically impacted third molar extractions, which were randomly placed into either a control group (CG=25) or an experimental group (EG=25). Patients were all informed of the purpose of the study and provided written consent. All procedures were carried out by the same dental practitioner, in accordance with standard surgical protocol. A different dental practitioner, unaware of which treatment had been applied, provided follow-up care. The EG applied 10 ml of topical gel composed of chitosan, 0.2% chlorhexidine, allantoin and dexpanthenol to the surgical wound three times a day for 10 days, patients in the CG did not apply any gel. The groups were homogeneous insofar as potentially confounding variables. No significant findings were found regarding postoperative swelling and pain. Neither of the groups displayed poor healing or infectious complications of the wound during the postoperative period. In all the recorded follow-ups (Day 7 p=0.001, and Day 14 p=0.01), the wound?s aesthetic appearance was better in the EG. Overall treatment tolerance was satisfactory and similar in both groups. The gel composed of chitosan, 0.2% chlorhexidine, allantoin and dexpanthenol did not aid in patients? postoperative comfort; however, improved wound healing was observed

Biodegradable Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Active Films Loaded with MSU-X Mesoporous Silica for the Release of α-Tocopherol

In this study, new active PCL (poly(ε-caprolactone)) films containing α-tocopherol (TOC) and MSU-X mesoporous silica were prepared by melt blending. The studied additives were directly incorporated into the polymer matrix or by impregnating TOC into MSU-X silica (PCL-IMP). Thermal, optical, oxygen and water barrier properties as well as oxidation onset parameters, were studied. Films containing MSU-X and/or TOC showed a significant increase in oxidative onset temperature (OOT) and oxidative induction time (OIT), improving thermal stability against materials oxidation by the addition of mesoporous silica and TOC into the polymer matrix. In addition, the effect of MSU-X addition on the migration behaviour of α-tocopherol from active films was investigated at 40 °C using 50% (v/v) ethanol as fatty food simulant, showing PCL-IMP films the lower release content and diffusion coefficient (3.5 × 10−15 cm2 s−1). Moreover, radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) and antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus were favoured by the release of α-tocopherol in the developed films. The obtained results have demonstrated the potential of the new PCL-based active formulations for TOC controlled release in antioxidant and antibacterial food packaging applications.This work was supported by the Spanish MICINN and AEI/FEDER (Project CTQ2015-74494-JIN), the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (ProjectMAT2017-84909-C2-1-R) and the GV (ref. GV/2014/093). E.S. also thanks the University of Alicante through the projects refs. UATALENTO16-0 and GRE-1239

Chemical trapping of gaseous H⁠2S at high and low partial pressures by an iron complex immobilized inside the montmorillonite interlayer

A stable hybrid material (Mt-Fe(III)Phen) formed by intercalation of the μ-oxo Fe(III)-phenanthroline complex [(OH⁠2)⁠3(Phen)FeOFe(Phen)(OH⁠2)⁠3]⁠4+ (Fe(III)Phen) in montmorillonite (Mt) is able to immobilize H⁠2S in gaseous phase with high efficiency even at extremely low pressures. DR UV–vis and I.R. spectroscopies, elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis coupled with evolved gas mass spectrometry, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy show that the material has high adsorption capacity, performs fast H⁠2S trapping and is long-lasting. Moreover, even extremely low levels of H⁠2S can be removed easily and quickly from gaseous phase using a suitable amount of the trapping material. The immobilization mechanism likely involves a redox reaction between iron (III) and one S⁠2− ion, followed by the binding of a second S⁠2− ion to the metal centre. The process takes place at room temperature, is reversible for several cycles, and does not require pre-treatment of neither gaseous H⁠2S nor the adsorbent material. Therefore, this modified montmorillonite is a promising material to get rid of H⁠2S in processes of environmental interest and to obtain gaseous (and gasifiable) high quality hydrocarbons in fuels refineries