Characterization of the Soybean Genome Using EST-derived Microsatellite Markers

We generated a high-density genetic linkage map of soybean using expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived microsatellite markers. A total of 6920 primer pairs (10.9%) were designed to amplify simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from 63 676 publicly available non-redundant soybean ESTs. The polymorphism of two parent plants, the Japanese cultivar ‘Misuzudaizu’ and the Chinese line ‘Moshidou Gong 503’, were examined using 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Primer pairs showing polymorphism were then used for genotyping 94 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the parents. In addition to previously reported markers, 680 EST-derived microsatellite markers were selected and subjected to linkage analysis. As a result, 935 marker loci were mapped successfully onto 20 linkage groups, which totaled 2700.3 cM in length; 693 loci were detected using the 668 EST-derived microsatellite markers developed in this study, the other 242 loci were detected with 105 RFLP markers, 136 genome-derived microsatellite markers, and one phenotypic marker. We examined allelic variation among 23 soybean cultivars/lines and a wild soybean line using 668 mapped EST-derived microsatellite markers (corresponding to 686 marker loci), in order to determine the transferability of the markers among soybean germplasms. A limited degree of macrosynteny was observed at the segmental level between the genomes of soybean and the model legume Lotus japonicus, which suggests that considerable genome shuffling occurred after separation of the species and during establishment of the paleopolyploid soybean genome

Selling food in clear packages: The development of cellophane and the expansion of self-service merchandising in the United States, 1920s–1950s

Abstract This article examines how the increasing use of transparent packaging, specifically cellophane, and a new self-service merchandising system altered consumers’ sensory experiences in food purchasing. It focuses on the American food industry roughly from the 1920s to the 1950s, a time when self-service became the dominant way of selling perishable items in the country. Clear packages provided consumers with a new way of understanding product quality. At supermarkets, where meat was already cut and bread packaged, and where consumers rarely had a chance to actually taste, smell or touch foods, they needed to rely mostly on visual information in selecting products. Businesses’ effort to capture consumer desire facilitated the creation of a new kind of visual regime, which rested on commercial intent, gendered narratives and technological manipulation, in the rise of consumer capitalism from the early twentieth century. By emphasizing the significance of colour in food consumption, retailers created food products and store interiors intended to stimulate female consumers’ chromatic sensation and their appetite for food purchasing

Disruption, transformation, stability: exploring industry dynamics from a global perspective

International audienc