FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PROCHLORPERAZINE MALEATE SUSTAINED RELEASE FLOATING TABLET

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate once daily sustained oral release floating tablet of prochlorperazine maleate, this floating tablet has many advantages like reduction in dosing frequency, increase bioavailability, enhance patient compliance, and improve drug solubility.Methods: The prochlorperazine maleate floating tablets were formulated by using hydrophilic swellable polymer and gas generating agent. In this study, 15 formulas were prepared with many variables in order to achieve an optimum dissolution and floating behaviour for the floating tablet. The all prepared formulas were tested for bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, Carr's Index, thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, in vitro dissolution test, in vitro buoyancy, and swelling index.Results: Formula (F2) that contain 55% (w/w) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose k4M (HPMCK4M), 5 % (w/w) sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) have acceptable flow properties and compressibility index and good physical properties with floating lag time (16±0.57) seconds and total floating time (32±0.29) h with 100% release of prochlorperazine maleate at the end of 24 h. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study of optimum formula (F2) showed no chemical interaction between the drug and the excipients that used in the formula.Conclusion: It can be concluded that that the selected formula (F2) can be a promising formula for the preparation of gastro retentive floating drug delivery systems of prochlorperazine maleate

BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF DIALYSIS WATER AND DIALYSATE AT MUKALLA ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY CENTER IN MUKALLA CITY - HADHRAMAUT - YEMEN: RATE OF CONTAMINATION AND SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES TO ANTIBIOTICS

Objective: Water treatment systems are a vital factor in dialysis therapy and precise control of hemodialysis water bacteriological quality is predominantly important in order to assurance a better quality of life of the hemodialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to detect the level of contamination in hemodialysis water and dialysate by bacteria in Mukalla Artificial Kidney Center and investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated bacteria.  Methods: Forty eight samples of water and dialysate were assembled weekly over a period of 3 months from 4 points. Bacteriological analysis of samples was carried out then antimicrobial susceptibilities patterns of isolated bacteria were concluded by disk diffusion method. Results: The mean of total count of bacteria for dialysis water and dialysate were higher than the recommended values (100 CFU/ ml). The isolated bacteria which colonized the hemodialysis systems were mostly Gram-negative bacilli as Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Citrobacter sp. and Enterobater sp. In general, most of the isolated bacteria were poorly responsive to antibiotics. Conclusion:  In conclusion: Dialysis water and dialysate not passed to meet the bacteriological provisions for hemodialysis. To reduce the hazard of contaminants for hemodialysis patients, a sufficient system for water treatment, disinfection of hemodialysis system, and bacteriological contamination monitoring of the water and dialysate are necessary.               Peer Review History: Received 19 December 2019;   Revised 25 December; Accepted 7 January, Available online 15 January 2020 Academic Editor: Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr.  Maya Shaaban Eissa Hussein, Egyptian Russian University, Egypt, [email protected] Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected] Similar Articles: EXPLOSION OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUSES AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS AS A RESULT OF HEMODIALYSIS CRISIS IN YEMEN PREVALENCE AND GENOTYPING OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS AND EVALUATION OF HCV-CORE ANTIGEN TEST IN SCREENING PATIENTS FOR DIALYSIS IN SANA'A CITY, YEME

Characterization of Staphylococci and Streptococci Isolated from Milk of Bovides with Mastitis in Egypt

The aim of this study was to characterize staphylococci and streptococci in milk from Egyptian bovides. In total, 50 milk samples were collected from localities in the Nile Delta region of Egypt. Isolates were cultivated, identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-offlight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the broth microdilution method. PCR amplifications were carried out, targeting resistanceassociated genes. Thirty-eight Staphylococcus isolates and six Streptococcus isolates could be cultivated. Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed a high resistance rate to penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. The mecA gene defining methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, erm(C) and aac-aphD genes was found in 87.5% of each. Coagulase-negative staphylococci showed a high prevalence of mecA, blaZ and tetK genes. Other resistance-associated genes were found. All Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates carried blaZ, erm(A), erm(B), erm(C) and lnuA genes, while Streptococcus suis harbored erm(C), aphA-3, tetL and tetM genes, additionally. In Streptococcus gallolyticus, most of these genes were found. The Streptococcus agalactiae isolate harbored blaZ, erm(B), erm(C), lnuA, tetK, tetL and tetM genes. Streptococcus agalactiae isolate was analyzed by DNA microarray analysis. It was determined as sequence type 14, belonging to clonal complex 19 and represented capsule type VI. Pilus and cell wall protein genes, pavA, cadD and emrB/qacA genes were identified by microarray analysis. © 2020 by the authors

Vibration Control Analysis of a Smart Flexible Cantilever Beam Using Smart Material

This paper features the modeling and design of a pole placement and output Feedback control technique for the Active Vibration Control (AVC) of a smart flexible cantilever beam for a Single Input Single Output (SISO) case. Measurements and actuation actions done by using patches of piezoelectric layer, it is bonded to the master structure as sensor/actuator at a certain position of the cantilever beam. The smart structure is modeled based on the concept of piezoelectric theory, Bernoulli -Euler beam theory, using Finite Element Method (FEM) and the state space techniques. The number of modes is reduced using the controllability and observability grammians retaining the first three dominant vibratory modes, and for the reduced system, a control law is designed using pole placement and output feedback techniques. The analyzed case studies concern the vibration reduction of a cantilever beam with a collocated symmetric piezoelectric sensor/actuator pair bonded on the surface. The transverse displacement time history, for an initial displacement field at the free end, is evaluated. Results are compared with other works, and the control design shows that Pole Placement method is an effective method for vibration suppression of the beam and settling time reduction

Characterization of Enterococci- and ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Milk of Bovides with Mastitis in Egypt

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci- and ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from milk of bovine mastitis cases in Egypt. Fifty milk samples of dairy animals were collected from localities in the Nile Delta region of Egypt. Isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the broth microdilution method. PCR amplifications were carried out, targeting resistance-associated genes. Seventeen Enterococcus isolates and eight coliform isolates could be cultivated. Vancomycin resistance rate was high in Ent. faecalis. The VITEK 2 system confirmed all E. coli isolates as ESBL-producing. All Ent. faecalis isolates harbored erm(B), tetL and aac-aphD genes. The vanA gene was detected in Ent. faecalis isolate, vanB was found in other Enterococcus, while one isolate of E. casseliflavus exhibited the vanA gene. E. coli isolates exhibited high prevalence of erm(B) and tetL. E. coli isolates were analyzed by DNA microarray analysis. Four isolates were determined by O-serotyping as O8 (n = 1), O86 (n = 2) and O157 (n = 1). H-serotyping resulted in H11, H12, H21 (two isolates each) and one was of H16 type. Different virulence-associated genes were detected in E. coli isolates including lpfA, astA, celB, cmahemL, intI1 and intI2, and the iroN gene was identified by DNA microarray analysis

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES FOR HADHRAMI HONEY ON GROWTH OF SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Objectives: The majority of the Yemeni honey varieties are characterized by low moisture content, in addition to the various flora of Yemeni plant, which may not be found in many countries, which makes them of high medicinal importance and high monetary value. Methods: This study was carried out the effect of three types of Hadhrami honey: Somur, Sidr (Baghya) and Meria against the growth of some pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella sp.). Results:  The results revealed that that Sidr honey gave the highest antibacterial activity against all bacteria tested, whereas the Somur and Meria honey were not recorded activity for growth Klebsiella sp. and Meria honey was not recorded activity for growth E. coli, respectively. When the antibiotics compared to types of honey antimicrobial activity, it was observed that the antimicrobial effect of Sidr honey was better than Imipenem antibiotic effect against P. aeruginosa. Conclusion:  Study concludes that  inhibition of the studied strains was dependent on the type of honey source. It is concluded that Yemeni honey could potentially be used as therapeutic agents against bacterial infection particularly to the tested microorganisms.          Peer Review History: Received 30 November 2017;   Revised 9 December; Accepted 12 December, Available online 15 January 2018 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mujde Eryilmaz, Ankara University,Turkey, [email protected] Omnia Momtaz Al-Fakharany, Tanta, University, Eygpt, [email protected] Similar Articles: IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LACTOBACILLI METABOLITES LOADED HYDROGEL FORMULATIONS AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA This article has been cited by: In vitro antimicrobial activities of Saudi honeys originating from Ziziphus spina‐christi L. and Acacia gerrardii Benth. Trees. Ayman A. Owayss, Khaled Elbanna, Javaid Iqbal, Hussein H. Abulreesh, Sameer R. Organji, Hael S. A. Raweh, Abdulaziz S. Alqarni. Food Science and Nutrition 2020; 390-401. Pubme

Global genomic epidemiology of chromosomally mediated non-enzymatic carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: on the way to predict and modify resistance

IntroductionAlthough carbapenemases are frequently reported in resistant A. baumannii clinical isolates, other chromosomally mediated elements of resistance that are considered essential are frequently underestimated. Having a wide substrate range, multidrug efflux pumps frequently underlie antibiotic treatment failure. Recognizing and exploiting variations in multidrug efflux pumps and penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) is an essential approach in new antibiotic drug discovery and engineering to meet the growing challenge of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.MethodsA total of 980 whole genome sequences of A. baumannii were analyzed. Nucleotide sequences for the genes studied were queried against a custom database of FASTA sequences using the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC) system. The correlation between different variants and carbapenem Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) was studied. PROVEAN and I-Mutant predictor suites were used to predict the effect of the studied amino acid substitutions on protein function and protein stability. Both PsiPred and FUpred were used for domain and secondary structure prediction. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using SANS serif and then visualized using iTOL and Phandango.ResultsExhibiting the highest detection rate, AdeB codes for an important efflux-pump structural protein. T48V, T584I, and P660Q were important variants identified in the AdeB-predicted multidrug efflux transporter pore domains. These can act as probable targets for designing new efflux-pump inhibitors. Each of AdeC Q239L and AdeS D167N can also act as probable targets for restoring carbapenem susceptibility. Membrane proteins appear to have lower predictive potential than efflux pump-related changes. OprB and OprD changes show a greater effect than OmpA, OmpW, Omp33, and CarO changes on carbapenem susceptibility. Functional and statistical evidence make the variants T636A and S382N at PBP1a good markers for imipenem susceptibility and potential important drug targets that can modify imipenem resistance. In addition, PBP3_370, PBP1a_T636A, and PBP1a_S382N may act as potential drug targets that can be exploited to counteract imipenem resistance.ConclusionThe study presents a comprehensive epidemiologic and statistical analysis of potential membrane proteins and efflux-pump variants related to carbapenem susceptibility in A. baumannii, shedding light on their clinical utility as diagnostic markers and treatment modification targets for more focused studies of candidate elements

Causes of elective cesarean delivery on maternal request in Aljouf, Saudi Arabia

Background: Recently observed there is a steadily higher rate of cesarean delivery worldwide mostly due to the increasing number of women requesting an elective cesarean section on maternal request without valid indication. The aim of the study was to determine the causes of elective cesarean delivery on maternal requests in Aljouf Saudi Arabia.Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study and data was evaluated by completing seven questionnaires and interviews with laboratory reports who were admitted for cesarean delivery at the Obstetrics department of Maternity and Children Hospital (MCH) Aljouf, Saudi Arabia from January 2020 to December 2020. A total of 141 Saudi women of age between 18 and over 35 years were enrolled, including those who have singleton pregnancy, no complications during pregnancy, and no medical indication for cesarean delivery.Results: 141 women reported willingness to request cesarean delivery. The mean systolic 120±6.23, diastolic 75±2.45 blood pressure mm of Hg, and fasting blood sugar level 4.1±1.1 mmol/l have been found within the normal limit. The ultrasound (US) confirmed singleton pregnancy without any abnormalities.  Data reveals that common causes of elective cesarean section on maternal request to avoid the episiotomy 77.3%, fear of labor pain 69.5%, trauma to the vagina 79.4%, uncertainty about timing 61.7%, losing a baby during vaginal delivery 54.6%, experience other members 41.8%, the risk for baby 39%, prolapse or incontinence24.1%, unsatisfactory sexual intercourse 17.7% and the undesirable experience of the previous vaginal delivery 12%.Conclusions: Maternal request for cesarean delivery is considered one of the reasons for increasing the rate of cesarean delivery in Saudi Arabia. To avoid the episiotomy and fear of labor pain may strong causes for choosing cesarean delivery

It is time to define an organizational model for the prevention and management of infections along the surgical pathway : a worldwide cross-sectional survey

Background The objectives of the study were to investigate the organizational characteristics of acute care facilities worldwide in preventing and managing infections in surgery; assess participants' perception regarding infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, antibiotic prescribing practices, and source control; describe awareness about the global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and IPC measures; and determine the role of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic on said awareness. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted contacting 1432 health care workers (HCWs) belonging to a mailing list provided by the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery. The self-administered questionnaire was developed by a multidisciplinary team. The survey was open from May 22, 2021, and June 22, 2021. Three reminders were sent, after 7, 14, and 21 days. Results Three hundred four respondents from 72 countries returned a questionnaire, with an overall response rate of 21.2%. Respectively, 90.4% and 68.8% of participants stated their hospital had a multidisciplinary IPC team or a multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship team. Local protocols for antimicrobial therapy of surgical infections and protocols for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis were present in 76.6% and 90.8% of hospitals, respectively. In 23.4% and 24.0% of hospitals no surveillance systems for surgical site infections and no monitoring systems of used antimicrobials were implemented. Patient and family involvement in IPC management was considered to be slightly or not important in their hospital by the majority of respondents (65.1%). Awareness of the global burden of AMR among HCWs was considered very important or important by 54.6% of participants. The COVID-19 pandemic was considered by 80.3% of respondents as a very important or important factor in raising HCWs awareness of the IPC programs in their hospital. Based on the survey results, the authors developed 15 statements for several questions regarding the prevention and management of infections in surgery. The statements may be the starting point for designing future evidence-based recommendations. Conclusion Adequacy of prevention and management of infections in acute care facilities depends on HCWs behaviours and on the organizational characteristics of acute health care facilities to support best practices and promote behavioural change. Patient involvement in the implementation of IPC is still little considered. A debate on how operationalising a fundamental change to IPC, from being solely the HCWs responsibility to one that involves a collaborative relationship between HCWs and patients, should be opened.Peer reviewe