Characterization Of Dicrete Gain Clamped Raman Fiber Amplifier

Modern Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) optical networks consist of add/drop elements to enhance the flexibility of the network. However it introduces transient phenomena which induce Optical signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) degradation and non-linear impairments. Such effect can be alleviated by using Gain-clamped Discrete Raman Fiber Amplifier (GC-DCRFA) which will maintain the gain of the amplifier regardless the input power. The GC-DCRFA in this research work design is realized by utilizing a pair of circulators at the input and output of the amplifier. A portion of counter-propagating amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is extracted and used to clamp the gain at desired values. The GC-DCRFA is pumped using a pair of 1465 nm Laser Diodes (LD) and input signal wavelength of 1560 nm is used throughout the research work. The GC-DCRFA is also tested using other lasing wavelengths of 1550 nm and 1565 nm. The proposed GC-DCRFA configuration is believed to offer less component losses compared to other amplifier configurations discussed previously. The amplifier characteristics such as the gain and noise figure (NF) are investigated in the research work. The GC-DCRFA is proven to be able to produce a wider dynamic range compared to the conventional DCRFA. For example, at gain of 15 dB, the GC-DCRFA is able to maintain constant gain for input signal, Pin ranges from -25 dBm up to -1.6 dBm with gain variation as of 0.3 dB. On the other hand, the NF is recorded between 5.1 to 6.0 dB. Meanwhile the conventional DCRFA gain starts at 17.8 dB and maintains the gain with the same variation for input signal up to -10 dBm. The effect of adding an Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) to form a hybrid gain-clamped amplifier configuration is also studied. The hybrid gain-clamped DCRFA/EDFA has wider dynamic range and the availability of maintaining small gain variation. At gain of 15.5 dB, the hybrid gain-clamped DCRFA/EDFA has a dynamic range of between -25 dBm to -1.61 dBm and gain variation of 1.2 dB. Meanwhile for the same dynamic range, the hybrid gain-clamped EDFA/DCRFA generates bigger gain variation of 3.5 dB. However the Noise Figure (NF) seems to be smaller in the hybrid gain-clamped EDFA/DCRFA compared to the other hybrd configuration. The existence of the EDFA seems to influence the dynamic range as it is operating in low pumping regime which causes weak population inversion

Powerful and Powerless Language Usage Between Genders: A Case Study Among Lecturers

This study investigates the gender language used in workplace; specifically, on the comparison and exploration of power language between male and female lecturers who are teaching in the education field. In the effort to answer whether the general opinion that man includes more power language in their speech compared to woman; equal numbers of participants are chosen from both genders and several observations of teaching and learning sessions initiated by the participants in their respective classes were conducted by the researchers. The language used by all participants was analyzed based on the use of two language expressions; directives and elicitations. The results of the findings suggest that male lecturers used more directives and elicitations; with Male Lecturer A, who used a total of 27% power languages and Male Lecturer B, who used a total of 35% power languages. The power language used by the female lecturers are relatively less than male lecturers; with both female lecturers: Female Lecturer A and B each using a total of 19% power languages in their speech. Therefore, the study shows that male uses more power language than women. However, this study also indicates that the use of their power language also depends on the context of their language usage.     Keywords: powerful language, powerless language, gender language, dominance theory, interactive positionin

The influence of facebook content, engagement, and investment on impulse buying behavior / Maznah Wan Omar...[et al.]

With the emergence of Industrial revolution 4.0, marketers are in tandem with the latest technology of cyberspace which relatively has proved that the growth of social media nowadays has become the prime marketing platform that connects consumers and businesses. There are more businesses that use paid advertising in social media which make audiences aware of a product. This study examined the elements that contribute to an effective content on social media which therefore enhance consumers’ engagement that can have a significant impact on impulse buying behavior. The study extends the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by examining the role of quality content, engagement, and investment that leads to online impulse buying behavior. In order to achieve the objective of the study, a quantitative approach was undertaken through online survey with 234 samples. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. The results indicates that the Facebook content have a significant influence on impulse buying behavior, while engagement and investment were found to be insignificant. Based on the results of the study, relevant recommendations were provided and limitations of the study were acknowledged

Passive element fault analysis at the last mile of the FTTH network in Malaysia

The optical transceiver performance for GPON FTTH (OLTTx and ONURx) for 300 live subscribers at legacy area has been monitored hourly for a duration of four months. The optical performance is then plotted against its faults due to the passive element at the last mile of the GPON FTTH network. The results show that the fault rate for aerial type of fiber distribution (FDP) is higher (1.3%) than building, street cabinet and underground FDP types. More than 65% of the faults are contributed by optical fibers (drop fibers) and the rest is due to fiber connectors. The optical power received (ONURx) spectrum shows three types of patterns before disconnection; sudden disconnection, fluctuation and degradation of ONURx. This study provides preliminary information necessary for developing the passive element fault prediction for GPON FTTH at the last mile of the network

Gain-control Raman fiber amplifier incorporating ring cavity

All-optical gain-control Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) based on ring cavity technique using a pair of circulators is investigated experimentally. A pair of 1465 nm laser diodes are used as the pump source to the RFA which provides a gain peak at around 1565 nm. The analyses of gain and noise figure are carried out using lasing wavelengths of 1550 and 1565 nm. Gain and noise figure variations are 0.4 and 0.5 dB respectively. We observed strong influence of pump-signal relative intensity noise transfer that results in noise figure penalty

Knowledge Management Support in the ALVAO System

This thesis is focused on knowledge management as seen in ITIL library. It includes analysis of knowledge management solutions: knowledge base in the Service Now system and actual solution of knowledge base in the ALVAO system. Furthermore, there is a design and implementation of an extension from knowledge base to knowledge management in the ALVAO system described. It has also been designed and implemented integration with the Microsoft SharePoint

Powerful and Powerless Language Usage Between Genders: A Case Study Among Lecturers

This study investigates the gender language used in workplace; specifically, on the comparison and exploration of power language between male and female lecturers who are teaching in the education field. In the effort to answer whether the general opinion that man includes more power language in their speech compared to woman; equal numbers of participants are chosen from both genders and several observations of teaching and learning sessions initiated by the participants in their respective classes were conducted by the researchers. The language used by all participants was analyzed based on the use of two language expressions; directives and elicitations. The results of the findings suggest that male lecturers used more directives and elicitations; with Male Lecturer A, who used a total of 27% power languages and Male Lecturer B, who used a total of 35% power languages. The power language used by the female lecturers are relatively less than male lecturers; with both female lecturers: Female Lecturer A and B each using a total of 19% power languages in their speech. Therefore, the study shows that male uses more power language than women. However, this study also indicates that the use of their power language also depends on the context of their language usage.     Keywords: powerful language, powerless language, gender language, dominance theory, interactive positionin

Multiwavelength generation using an add-drop microring resonator integrated with an InGaAsP/InP sampled grating distributed feedback

A system of an add-drop microring resonator integrated with a sampled grating distributed feedback (SG-DFB) is investigated via modeling and simulation with the time-domain traveling wave (TDTW) method. The proposed microring resonator comprises a SiO2 waveguide integrated with an InGaAsP/InP SG-DFB, and the SiO2 waveguide consists of a silicon core having a refractive index of 3.48 and Kerr coefficient of 4.5 × 10-18 m2/W. The SG-DFB consists of a series of grating bursts that are constructed using a periodic apodization function with a burst spacing in the grating of 45 μm, a burst length of 5 μm, and 10 bursts across the total length of the SG-DBR. Transmission results of the through and drop port of the microring resonator show the significant capacity enhancement of the generated center wavelengths. The Q-factor of the microring resonator system, defined as the center wavelength (λ0) divided by 3 dB FWHM, without and with integration with the SG-DFB is calculated as 1.93 × 105 and 2.87 × 105, respectively. Analysis of the dispersion of the system reveals that increasing the wavelength results in a decrease of the dispersion. The higher capacity and efficiency are the advantages of integrating the microring resonator and the InGaAsP/InP SG-DFB