Prediction of viscosity of multicomponent liquid mixtures

113-123Viscosities of three quaternary, viz. n-hexadecane + n-tetradecane + n-hexane + 2-bromobutane (I), n-hexadecane + carbon tetrachloride + benzene + n-hexane (II) and n-hexadecane + n-tetradecane + 4-methylcyclohexanone + n-hexane (III) and eleven ternary liquid mixtures (IA-D, IIA-D and IIIA-C) have been evaluated theoretically, using various empirical relations (Frenkel, Kendall-Munroe, Bingham and Additive relations) applicable to binary mixtures. The theoretical values of viscosity of these mixtures are compared with the experimental viscosities given in literature. The results of calculation show that the viscous behaviour of these liquid mixtures having constituent components with likelihood of better interactions with each other, can be best explained by Frenkel relation as it takes into account all the possible major interactions. Still better results by Frenkel relation are obtained when some small molecules like CCl4 is one of the components of the mixture (II) which can take up interstitial positions resulting in enhanced interaction. The presence of planar molecules, like benzene with its 3t-electron cloud above and below the ring, certainly inhibits the interaction between the components to some extent and results in somewhat ideal behaviour of mixtures. This is evident for some systems where Kendall-Munroe and Additive relations give better results than those given by Frenkel relation. The presence of substituent and polar groups on one of the components affects the extent of interaction more than when they are present in a cyclic molecule than on a straight chain hydrocarbon. Thus, the presence of bromine in system (I) and the ternary mixtures still allows interaction to a greater extent since in the possible compact structure 2-bromobutane can fit with bromine protruding out. However, the presence of polar and substituent groups in cyclic molecule (4-methylcyclohexanone) does not allow interaction and also inhibits the interaction of other components resulting in ideal mixing and thus better

Synthesis & Characterization of Iron(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), Copper(II) & Zinc(Il) Complexes of Pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone

617-61

Synthesis, Characterization & Antibacterial Studies of Iron(II), Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), Copper(II) & Zinc(II) Complexes of Pyridine-4-carboxaldehyde Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone

1011-101

Notes for genera – Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. De Not. (Art. 59)