22 research outputs found

    Analytical and chemometric tools for the metabonomic study of complex biological matrices by High- Resolution Mass Spectrometry

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    Mes travaux de thĂšse mettent en avant le dĂ©veloppement de la stratĂ©gie mĂ©tabonomique dans le cadre de deux thĂ©matiques d'actualitĂ© : le domaine du dopage sportif (Partie A) et celui de l'Exposome (Partie B). La premiĂšre partie regroupe deux Ă©tudes et a pour objectif d'Ă©valuer la contribution de la mĂ©tabonomique au dĂ©veloppement de nouveaux outils de criblage du dopage. Au cours de ces Ă©tudes, je me suis intĂ©ressĂ©e Ă  l'analyse non-ciblĂ©e d'Ă©chantillons d'urine d'athlĂštes dopĂ©s et non- dopĂ©s, fournis par l'Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage et par des volontaires. L'originalitĂ© de cette dĂ©marche rĂ©side dans son caractĂšre non-ciblĂ© et plus particuliĂšrement, dans sa capacitĂ© Ă  mettre en Ă©vidence des perturbations au niveau mĂ©tabolique grĂące Ă  (i) la spectromĂ©trie de masse haute rĂ©solution (ToF) et trĂšs-haute rĂ©solution (FT-ICR) et (ii) l'analyse de donnĂ©es multivariĂ©es. Des potentiels biomarqueurs du dopage au tĂ©trahydrocannabinol, salbutamol et budĂ©sonide ont ainsi pu ĂȘtre mis en Ă©vidence. La deuxiĂšme partie de ma thĂšse a pour objectif d'Ă©valuer l'impact de la vinclozoline sur le systĂšme hormonal de rats et rĂ©pond ainsi aux besoins de la nouvelle rĂ©glementation. Pour cette Ă©tude, je me suis donc intĂ©ressĂ©e aux Ă©chantillons de testicules de rats ayant subi un traitement Ă  la vinclozoline. De par son caractĂšre comprĂ©hensif, l'approche mĂ©tabonomique m'a permis d'apporter des informations complĂ©mentaires aux Ă©tudes ciblĂ©es rĂ©alisĂ©es auparavant. Ces travaux me permettent alors de mettre en Ă©vidence les apports et les limites de la stratĂ©gie mĂ©tabonomique par rapport : (1) au choix et Ă  la prĂ©paration des Ă©chantillons d'origine biologique, (2) aux avantages et aux inconvĂ©nients des diffĂ©rentes techniques analytiques, (3) aux possibilitĂ©s en termes de traitement des donnĂ©es, (4) aux exigences statistiques et (5) Ă  la valeur biologique des rĂ©sultats obtenusMy research work highlights the development of a metabonomic strategy through two topical issues: the doping in sport (Part A) and the Exposome (Part B). The first part includes two studies and aims to assess the contribution of metabonomics to the development of new screening tools. During these studies, I focused on the non-targeted analysis of clean and doped urine samples provided by the French Anti-Doping Agency and by volunteers. The originality of this approach lies in its non-targeted nature and, particularly, in its ability to highlight metabolic disruptions by (i) high-resolution (ToF) and very high-resolution (FT ICR) mass spectrometry and (ii) the analysis of multivariate data. The implemented strategy revealed several potential biomarkers for the use of tetrahydrocannabinol, budesonide and salbutamol. The second part of this thesis aims to evaluate the impact of vinclozolin on the hormonal system of rats and thus meets the requirements of the new regulations. For this study, I focused on testes extracts coming from rats treated with vinclozolin. Due to its comprehensive nature, the metabonomic study provided additional information to the previous targeted approach. All these results highlight the contributions and the limitations of metabonomics with regard to: (1) the choice and the preparation of biological samples, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of different analytical techniques, (3) the opportunities in terms of data processing, (4) the statistical requirements and (5) the biological value of the result

    Doping control using high and ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry based non-targeted metabolomics-a case study of salbutamol and budesonide abuse.

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    We have detected differences in metabolite levels between doped athletes, clean athletes, and volunteers (non athletes). This outcome is obtained by comparing results of measurements from two analytical platforms: UHPLC-QTOF/MS and FT-ICR/MS. Twenty-seven urine samples tested positive for glucocorticoids or beta-2-agonists and twenty samples coming from volunteers and clean athletes were analyzed with the two different mass spectrometry approaches using both positive and negative electrospray ionization modes. Urine is a highly complex matrix containing thousands of metabolites having different chemical properties and a high dynamic range. We used multivariate analysis techniques to unravel this huge data set. Thus, the several groups we created were studied by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square regression (PLS-DA and OPLS) in the search of discriminating m/z values. The selected variables were annotated and placed on pathway by using MassTRIX

    The IbeA protein from adherent invasive Escherichia coli is a flavoprotein sharing structural homology with FAD‐dependent oxidoreductases

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    International audienceInvasion of brain endothelium protein A (IbeA) is a virulence factor specific to pathogenic Escherichia coli. Originally identified in the K1 strain causing neonatal meningitis, it was more recently found in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). In these bacteria, IbeA facilitates host cell invasion and intracellular survival, in particular, under harsh conditions like oxidative stress. Furthermore, IbeA from AIEC contributes to intramacrophage survival and replication, thus enhancing the inflammatory response within the intestine. Therefore, this factor is a promising drug target for anti‐AIEC strategies in the context of Crohn's disease. Despite such an important role, the biological function of IbeA remains largely unknown. In particular, its exact nature and cellular localization, i.e., membrane‐bound invasin versus cytosolic factor, are still of debate. Here, we developed an efficient protocol for recombinant expression of IbeA under native conditions and demonstrated that IbeA from AIEC is a soluble, homodimeric flavoprotein. Using mass spectrometry and tryptophan fluorescence measurements, we further showed that IbeA preferentially binds flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), with an affinity in the one‐hundred nanomolar range and optimal binding under reducing conditions. 3D‐modeling with AlphaFold revealed that IbeA shares strong structural homology with FAD‐dependent oxidoreductases. Finally, we used ligand docking, mutational analyses, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify the FAD binding pocket within IbeA and characterize possible conformational changes occurring upon ligand binding. Overall, we suggest that the role of IbeA in the survival of AIEC within host cells, notably macrophages, is linked to modulation of redox processes

    Élimination des composĂ©s pharmaceutiques en station d’épuration par traitements biologiques et ozonation tertiaire

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    National audienceThe choice to operate the CAS and MBBR systems with full nitrification, results in the same level of performance on pharmaceutical compounds removal for both biological systems (despite the differences on process conditions : sludge concentration, hydraulic contact time
).The biological treatment of 10 pharmaceuticals with CAS or MBBR reactor succeeded in 24% of removal of the 7 refractory compounds measured (carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, propranolol, atenolol, diclofenac, econazole, salicylic acid), and an average of 45% including also paracetamol, ketoprofen and ibuprofen with an important variability on performances (> 20%). The combined system CAS biolog ical treatment plus tertiary ozonation at low ozone dosage (0.45 gO3/gDOC) improves the average removal up to 92% with only one compound -econaz ole- moderately eliminated (70%). It has been observed that increasing the ozone from the low to the intermediate dosage of 1.30 gO3/gDOC leads to an average removal improvement of around 6% whereas a more important TOD (2.30 gO3/gDOC) did not led to a better performance.Contrary to the lack of toxicity observed with normalized ecotoxicity tests, endpoints measured on zebrafish embryos (FET bioassay) such as mortality, developmental abnormalities and genotoxicity demonstrated a residual toxicity (null/weak) both, in wastewater after a biological treatment followed or not by a tertiary ozonation treatment. However, the tertiary ozonation resulted in an improvement of the residual endocrine disrupting potential measured in the biologically-treated effluents.This study shows that normalized bioassays are not sensitive enough for the ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewaters and that there is a great need for the development of suitable sensitive bioassays in order to characterize properly the possible residual toxicity of differently treated effluents.The knowledge of the sample chemical fingerprints, by a comprehensive non-target approach based on the comparison of biochemical signatures, is a promising growing strategy to identify and prioritize the emerging contaminants and to contribute to the study of the treatment performance.Les performances atteintes par les deux systĂšmes biologiques Ă©tudiĂ©s – boues activĂ©es conventionnelles (BA) et rĂ©acteur biologique Ă  biomasse fluidisĂ©e (MBBR) – dans le traitement des dix micro— polluants d’origine pharmaceutique quantifiĂ©s sont similaires et cela grĂące au niveau d’épuration identique en nitrification totale.Les abattements quantifiĂ©s sont variables et atteignent en moyenne pour les sept composĂ©s rĂ©fractaires seulement 24% (carbamazĂ©pine, sulfamĂ©thoxazole, propranolol, atĂ©nolol, diclofĂ©nac, Ă©conazole, acide salicylique). Les trois autres composĂ©s, bien Ă©liminĂ©s en traitement biologique, atteignent en moyenne 96% (paracĂ©tamol, kĂ©toprofĂšne et ibuprofĂšne).Le traitement biologique combinĂ© Ă  l’ozonation tertiaire Ă©limine efficacement les composĂ©s pharmaceutiques de l’eau dĂšs l’utilisation des doses faibles d’ozone (0,45 gO3/g de carbone organique dissous COD). Un abattement moyen de 92% d’efficacitĂ© est quantifiĂ© sur la moyenne de composĂ©s pharmaceutiques dissous, Ă  comparer aux 24% Ă  45% d’abattement obtenu en traitement bio logique seul. Le passage Ă  une dose d’ozone de 1,30 gO3/gCOD permet d’augmenter de 6% l’abattement moyen des micropolluants. Cette performance n’est pas amĂ©liorĂ©e par l’utilisation des doses d’ozone plus importantes.Contrairement aux tests d’écotoxicitĂ© normalisĂ©s (peu sensibles pour discriminer des effets toxiques dans les eaux traitĂ©es biologiquement ou chimiquement), les effets mesurĂ©s sur les embryons du poisson Danio rerio comme la mortalitĂ©, les anomalies sur le dĂ©veloppement et la gĂ©notoxicitĂ© ont montrĂ© un effet toxique (nul Ă  faible) pour les effluents biotraitĂ©s ou ozonĂ©s. Par rapport au traitement biologique, l’ozonation tertiaire amĂ©liore significativement le potentiel de perturbation endocrinienne des effluents par la rĂ©duction complĂšte de l’activitĂ© oestrogĂ©nique et glucocorticoĂŻde des effluents.L’ozonation n’augmente ni ne diminue le niveau de toxicitĂ© des effluents dĂ©jĂ  atteint avec le traitement biologique seul. Il existe un bruit persistant probablement liĂ© Ă  la prĂ©sence d’autres micro - polluants rĂ©manents dans l’eau et non quantifiĂ©s par la mĂ©thode d’analyse ciblĂ©e. Leur activitĂ© peut ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine du niveau d’effet toxique faible obtenu pour certains biomarqueurs. Ces rĂ©sultats montrent la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’amĂ©liorer la sensibilitĂ© des bioessais dans le but d’optimiser l’évaluation des effets Ă©cotoxicologiques rĂ©siduels dans les diffĂ©rents types d’effluents.L’obtention des signatures chimiques, au travers d’une approche non ciblĂ©e, s’avĂšre un outil puissant et complĂ©mentaire. Elles rĂ©vĂšlent la complexitĂ© des effluents Ă©tudiĂ©s par le nombre important de signaux obtenus. Les cartographies rĂ©alisĂ©es, par l’analyse en composantes principales, permettent d’avoir une vision globale des effluents et de leur mise en relation respective. Cette approche globale complĂšte efficacement les rĂ©sultats obtenus par le dosage ciblĂ© des micropolluants
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